Open-mid back rounded vowel

Template:Short description Template:Infobox IPA Template:IPA vowels

File:Spectrogram of open-mid back rounded vowel (IPA ɔ).png

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The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel,<ref>Template:Vowel terminology</ref> is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is Template:Angbr IPA. The IPA symbol is a turned letter c and both the symbol and the sound are commonly called "open-o". The name open-o represents the sound, in that it is like the sound represented by Template:Angbr IPA, the close-mid back rounded vowel, except it is more open. It also represents the symbol, which can be remembered as an o which has been "opened" by removing part of the closed circular shape.

In English, the symbol Template:Angbr IPA (or Template:Angbr IPA) is typically associated with the vowel in "thought", but in Received Pronunciation ("RP", standard British English), Australian English, New Zealand English and South African English that vowel is produced with considerably stronger lip rounding and higher tongue position than that of cardinal {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, i.e. as close-mid Template:IPAblink or somewhat lower. Open-mid {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or even open Template:IPAblink realizations are found in North American English (where this vowel is often indistinguishable from the open back unrounded vowel in "bra") and Scottish English as well as Hiberno-English, Northern England English and Welsh English, though in the last three accent groups closer, Template:IPAblink-like realizations are also found. In RP, the open-mid realization of {{#invoke:IPA|main}} has been obsolete since the 1930s. Pronouncing that vowel as such is subject to correction for non-native speakers aiming at RP.<ref name="hce97">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="morgen">Geoff Lindsey (2012) Morgen — a suitable case for treatment, Speech Talk</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>

In Received Pronunciation and Australian English, the open-mid back rounded vowel occurs as the main allophone of the Template:Sc2 vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. The contrast between {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} is thus strongly maintained, with the former vowel being realized as close-mid Template:IPAblink and the latter as open-mid {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, similarly to the contrast between {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} found in German, Italian and Portuguese.<ref name="hce97"/><ref name="morgen"/><ref name="wikstroem">Template:Harvcoltxt, "It seems to be the case that younger RP or near-RP speakers typically use a closer quality, possibly approaching Cardinal 6 considering that the quality appears to be roughly intermediate between that used by older speakers for the LOT vowel and that used for the THOUGHT vowel, while older speakers use a more open quality, between Cardinal Vowels 13 and 6."</ref>

FeaturesEdit

Template:Open-mid vowel Template:Back vowel Template:Protruded vowel

OccurrenceEdit

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian	Tosk	tortë	[ˈtɔɾtə]	'cake'
Armenian	Eastern<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}} hoġm	main}}	'storm'
Assamese		lang}} / kor	[kɔɹ]	'to do'	May also be transcribed as fully low [ɒ] or "over-rounded" [ɒ̹]
Bavarian	Amstetten dialect<ref name="tm1982">Template:Harvcoltxt, cited in Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	wås	main}}	'what'	Contrasts close Template:IPAblink, near-close Template:IPAblink, close-mid Template:IPAblink and open-mid {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} back rounded vowels in addition to the open central unrounded Template:IPAblink.<ref name="tm1982"/><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Typically transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA.
Bengali<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}} ortho	main}}	'meaning'	See Bengali phonology
Breton<ref>Mikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, Emgleo Breiz, Brest, 2010</ref>		roll	[ˈrɔlː]	'list'
Bulgarian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}} rod	main}}	'kin'	See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'clog'	See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Cantonese	lang}} ngo⁵	main}}	'I, me, my'	See Cantonese phonology
Chinese	Hokkien	lang}} bó͘	main}}	'wife'	See Hokkien phonology
Cipu	Tirisino dialectTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'cut down!'	Near-back.Template:Sfnp
Danish	Standard<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'map'	Most often transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See Danish phonology
Dutch	Standard Belgian<ref name="Verhoeven">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'alas'	'Very tense, with strong lip-rounding',<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> strongly pharyngealized<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> (although less so in standard Belgian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>) and somewhat fronted.<ref name="Verhoeven"/><ref name="Gussenhoven">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See Dutch phonology
Dutch	Standard Northern<ref name="Gussenhoven"/>	{{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'alas'
English	Australian<ref name="hce97"/>	not	Template:Audio-IPA	'not'	See Australian English phonology
	Estuary<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>
	New Zealand<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>				May be somewhat fronted.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Often transcribed in IPA with Template:Angbr IPA. See New Zealand English phonology
	Received Pronunciation<ref name="morgen"/><ref name="wikstroem"/>				main}} has shifted up in emerging RP.
	General American	thought	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'thought'	Mainly in speakers without the cot–caught merger. It may be lower Template:IPAblink. (It is rarely lowered to {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} before liquids {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}, and may thus be more familiar to many North Americans in r-colored form, Template:IPAslink.)
	Scottish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	thought	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'thought'	main}} quality.
	Sheffield<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	goat	main}}	'goat'	Common realization of the Template:Sc2 vowel particularly for males.
	Newfoundland<ref name="wells498">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	but	main}}	'but'	Less commonly unrounded Template:IPAblink.<ref name="wells498"/> See English phonology
Faroese		lang}}	main}}	'seal flipper'	See Faroese phonology
French	Parisian<ref name="fs73">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'silly' (f.)	main}} centralized to Template:IPAblink before {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}<ref name="fs73"/> and central Template:IPAblink.<ref name="cm225">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> See French phonology
Galician		lang}}	main}}	'man'	See Galician phonology
Georgian<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}} stsori	main}}	'correct'
German	Standard<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'full'	See Standard German phonology
Hindustani	Hindi	कौन /kaun	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'who'	See Hindustani phonology
Hindustani	Urdu	کَون/kaun	{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}	'who'	See Hindustani phonology
Italian<ref name="roda119">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'word'	Near-back.<ref name="roda119"/> See Italian phonology
Javanese		ꦫꦱ / råså	main}}	taste, feeling
Kaingang<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		pó	main}}	'stone'
Kera<ref name="pear251">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		{{#invoke:IPA\|main}}		'hard earth'	Near-back.<ref name="pear251"/>
Kokborok		lang}}	main}}	'not'
Korean	North Korean	lang}} / {{#invoke:Lang\|lang}}	main}}	'North Korea'	Both ㅓ /ʌ/ and ㅗ /o/ in South Korean have merged into [ɔ] in North Korean. See Korean phonology
Limburgish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref name="peters">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'moon'	Lower Template:IPAblink in the Maastrichtian dialect.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> The example word is from the Hasselt dialect.
Lower Sorbian<ref name="stone">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'a request'
Low German	Most dialects	lang}}	main}}	'stick'	main}} in the Netherlands or more closed {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} in Low Prussian dialects.
	Various dialects	lang}}	main}}	'sleep'	main}} and as high as {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} in other dialects.
	Southern Eastphalian	lang}}<ref>Schambach, Gerog (1858), "Wörterbuch der niederdeutschen Mundart der Fürstenthümer Göttingen und Grubenhagen oder GöttingischGrubenhagen'sches Idiotikon", p. 30.</ref>	main}}	'bread'	main}} in other dialects.
Luxembourgish<ref name="gt">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'son'	main}}.<ref name="gt"/> See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay	Standard	sotong	main}}	'squid'	main}} and {{#invoke:IPA\|main}} in closed final syllables. See Malay phonology
	Negeri Sembilan	كيت / kita	main}}	'we' (inclusive)	See Negeri Sembilan Malay
	Kelantan-Pattani	بياسا / biasa	main}}	'normal'	See Kelatan-Pattani Malay
Nepali		lang}}	main}}	'far'	main}} around labial consonants and in isolation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Nepali		lang}}	main}}	'long'	main}}, which is commonly raised to {{#invoke:IPA\|main}}.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Norwegian	Some dialects<ref name="pop26">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'so'	Present e.g. in Telemark; realized as mid Template:IPAblink in other dialects.<ref name="pop26"/> See Norwegian phonology
Occitan		lang}}	main}}	'ode'	See Occitan phonology
Odia		lang}}	main}}	'meaning'
Polish<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	Template:Audio-IPA	'cat'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese	Most dialects<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref><ref>Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira Template:Webarchive</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'gossip'	main}}, varies according to dialect.
Portuguese	Some speakers<ref>Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP Template:In lang</ref>	lang}}	main}}	'scolding'	main}}. See Portuguese phonology
Russian	Some speakers<ref name="jw56">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>	lang}} sukhoy	main}}	'dry'	More commonly realized as mid Template:IPAblink.<ref name="jw56"/> See Russian phonology
Slovak	StandardTemplate:Sfnp	lang}}	main}}	'to stun'	See Slovak phonology
Swedish	Standard	lang}}	main}}	'minor scale'	See Swedish phonology
Tagalog		lang}}	main}}	'lullaby'	See Tagalog phonology
Thai		lang}} ngo	main}}	'to bend'	See Thai phonology
Temne<ref name="katuc">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'swamp'	Near-back.<ref name="katuc"/>
Ukrainian Template:Sfnp		lang}} lyubov	main}}	'love'	See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian<ref name="stone"/><ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		lang}}	main}}	'dog'	See Upper Sorbian phonology
Welsh		siop	main}}	'shop'	See Welsh phonology
West Frisian Template:Sfnp		lang}}	main}}	'rat'	See West Frisian phonology
Yoruba<ref name="bam">Template:Harvcoltxt</ref>		Template:Example needed			Nasalized; may be near-open Template:IPAblink instead.<ref name="bam"/>