Operation Greenhouse
Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox nuclear weapons test
Operation Greenhouse was the fifth American nuclear test series, the second conducted in 1951 and the first to test principles that would lead to developing thermonuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs). Conducted at the new Pacific Proving Ground, on islands of the Enewetak Atoll, it mounted the devices on large steel towers to simulate air bursts. This series of nuclear weapons tests was preceded by Operation Ranger and succeeded by Operation Buster-Jangle.
Operation Greenhouse showcased new and aggressive designs for nuclear weapons. The main idea was to reduce the size, weight, and most importantly, reduce the amount of fissile material necessary for nuclear weapons, while increasing the destructive power. With the Soviet Union's first nuclear test a year and half earlier (29 August 1949), the United States had begun stockpiling the new designs before they were actually proven. Thus the success of Operation Greenhouse was vital before the development of thermonuclear weapons could continue.
A number of target buildings, including bunkers, houses and factories were built on Mujinkarikku Islet to test nuclear weapon effects.
GeorgeEdit
The George explosion conducted on May 8, 1951, was the world's first thermonuclear burn. The Cylinder device was designed for probing the thermonuclear reaction. It was a test of the radiation implosion principle that was key to the recently theorized Teller-Ulam design. The vast majority of its yield derived from fission. The energy output from the thermonuclear fusion in this test was insignificant in comparison.
The fission component was a unique cylindrical implosion of a long highly enriched uranium annulus. This surrounded a beryllium oxide chamber, containing cryogenic liquid deuterium with a few percent tritium. Tritium was still scarce at the time, but deuterium–tritium fusion, around 100 times more likely than deuterium-deuterium fusion, was hoped to increase the number of DD reactions. The beryllium oxide chamber and fusion fuel was imploded by the fission reaction's X-ray radiation, allowing observation of the fusion plasma before it was engulfed.
University of California Radiation Laboratory provided the scientists for the measurement of the fusion reaction. Complex equipment was developed for isolating the fusion radiation from the simultaneous fission detonation. Vacuum pipes carried the fusion X-rays to the base of a shot tower, where K-edge filters fluoresced for optical measurement. Unshielded photographic plates were exposed to the high-energy fusion neutrons, and their collision with the emulsion produced signature "proton streaks".<ref name="i040">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The George design was a 'Classical Super' prototype with a binary triggering device based on the one patented by Klaus Fuchs and von Neumann in 1946.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its success played a vital role in the history of the Teller–Ulam design. The George Test had a perfect “bell” Wilson cloud formed near the top of the mushroom cloud.
The George test validated the principles which would be used for the first full-scale thermonuclear bomb test, Ivy Mike, one year later, on November 1, 1952, at Enewetak Atoll.
ItemEdit
Conducted on May 25, 1951, Item was the first test of the fusion boosting principle, nearly doubling the normal yield of a similar non-boosted weapon. In this test, deuterium-tritium (D-T) gas was injected into the enriched uranium core of a nuclear fission bomb. The extreme heat of the fissioning bomb produced thermonuclear fusion reactions within the D-T gas. While the yield of George was significantly boosted by fusion neutrons, Item tested a small DT gas mixture at the center of a spherical implosion, which would eventually become standard within the nuclear arsenal.<ref name="i040" />
Dog photographEdit
The Dog explosion is more popularly known for an image taken of those viewing it than the actual explosion itself; the photograph depicts numerous VIPs wearing safety goggles sitting on Adirondack chairs while being illuminated by the flash of the detonation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This photograph takes up the bottom portion of the cover of the 1995 documentary Trinity and Beyond by Peter Kuran. The safety goggles worn by all those viewing the test in the picture have become somewhat of a museum collectors item, with a possibility that Norman F. Ramsey may have been present.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Cynthia Miller claims that her father, Van Dine, is the first man on the left in the photo.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The blast wave safely arrived at the location of the VIPs some 45 seconds after the initially silent flash of the detonation as observed from their position on Parry island.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
GalleryEdit
- GeorgeGIF.gif
Greenhouse-George, 225-kilotons.
- Greenhouse George.jpg
George mushroom cloud.
- Operation Greenhouse George Device 001.jpg
George device being mounted within its shot-tower.
- GreenHouse Easy.gif
Greenhouse-Easy, 47-kilotons.
- Greenhouse - Item Device 3.png
Item device being raised upward towards its shot-tower.
- Greenhouse Item 001.jpg
Item detonation and mushroom cloud.
ListEdit
| Name <ref group=note>The US, France and Great Britain have code-named their test events, while the USSR and China did not, and therefore have only test numbers (with some exceptions – Soviet peaceful explosions were named). Word translations into English in parentheses unless the name is a proper noun. A dash followed by a number indicates a member of a salvo event. The US also sometimes named the individual explosions in such a salvo test, which results in "name1 – 1(with name2)". If test is canceled or aborted, then the row data like date and location discloses the intended plans, where known.</ref> | Date time (UT) | Local time zone<ref group=note>To convert the UT time into standard local, add the number of hours in parentheses to the UT time; for local daylight saving time, add one additional hour. If the result is earlier than 00:00, add 24 hours and subtract 1 from the day; if it is 24:00 or later, subtract 24 hours and add 1 to the day. Historical time zone data obtained from the IANA time zone database.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> |
Location<ref group=note>Rough place name and a latitude/longitude reference; for rocket-carried tests, the launch location is specified before the detonation location, if known. Some locations are extremely accurate; others (like airdrops and space blasts) may be quite inaccurate. "~" indicates a likely pro-forma rough location, shared with other tests in that same area.</ref> | Elevation + height <ref group=note>Elevation is the ground level at the point directly below the explosion relative to sea level; height is the additional distance added or subtracted by tower, balloon, shaft, tunnel, air drop or other contrivance. For rocket bursts the ground level is "N/A". In some cases it is not clear if the height is absolute or relative to ground, for example, Plumbbob/John. No number or units indicates the value is unknown, while "0" means zero. Sorting on this column is by elevation and height added together.</ref> | Delivery,<ref group=note>Atmospheric, airdrop, balloon, gun, cruise missile, rocket, surface, tower, and barge are all disallowed by the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Sealed shaft and tunnel are underground, and remained useful under the PTBT. Intentional cratering tests are borderline; they occurred under the treaty, were sometimes protested, and generally overlooked if the test was declared to be a peaceful use.</ref> Purpose <ref group=note>Include weapons development, weapon effects, safety test, transport safety test, war, science, joint verification and industrial/peaceful, which may be further broken down.</ref> |
Device<ref group=note>Designations for test items where known, "?" indicates some uncertainty about the preceding value, nicknames for particular devices in quotes. This category of information is often not officially disclosed.</ref> | Yield<ref group=note>Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).</ref> | Fallout<ref group=note>Radioactive emission to the atmosphere aside from prompt neutrons, where known. The measured species is only iodine-131 if mentioned, otherwise it is all species. No entry means unknown, probably none if underground and "all" if not; otherwise notation for whether measured on the site only or off the site, where known, and the measured amount of radioactivity released.</ref> | References | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DogTemplate:Anchor | Template:Dts 17:33:57.8 | MHT (11 hrs) | Runit (Yvonne), Enewetak Atoll Template:Coord | Template:SortTemplate:Convert + Template:Convert | tower, weapons development |
Mk-6D | Template:Sort | <ref name=LT_154 /><ref name=LT_148 /><ref name=LT_24 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_1 /> | Proof test of Mark 6, 60 point implosion. Hansen says "north end of Runit". | ||
| EasyTemplate:Anchor | Template:Dts 17:27:00.1 | MHT (11 hrs) | Enjebi (Janet), Enewetak Atoll Template:Coord | Template:SortTemplate:Convert + Template:Convert | tower, weapon development and effects |
TX-5D | Template:Sort | <ref name=LT_154 /><ref name=LT_148 /><ref name=LT_24 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_1 /> | Proof test of Mark 5, 92 point lense implosion system, used as the primary for Ivy Mike. Mock buildings (homes, bunkers, factories) were assembled on Enjebi and Mujinkarikku Island. Hansen: "west end of Engebi". | ||
| GeorgeTemplate:Anchor | Template:Dts 20:30:00.7 | MHT (11 hrs) | Ebiriru (Ruby), Enewetak Atoll Template:Coord | Template:SortTemplate:Convert + Template:Convert | tower, weapons development |
"Cylinder" | Template:Sort | <ref name=LT_154 /><ref name=LT_148 /><ref name=LT_24 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_1 /> | First thermonuclear burn, first test of radiation implosion principle. Unique cylindrical implosion of HEU. Central cylinder of cryogenic deuterium and few percent tritium ignited. Majority of yield from fission.<ref name="i040" /> | ||
| ItemTemplate:Anchor | Template:Dts 17:16:59.3 | MHT (11 hrs) | Enjebi (Janet), Enewetak Atoll Template:Coord | Template:SortTemplate:Convert + Template:Convert | tower, weapons development |
"Booster" | Template:Sort | <ref name=LT_154 /><ref name=LT_148 /><ref name=LT_6 /><ref name=LT_1 /> | First test of standard boosting. DT gas mixture injected into HEU core. Yield twice that without boosting.<ref name="i040" /> |