Ophidiiformes
Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox
Ophidiiformes Template:IPAc-en is an order of ray-finned fish that includes the cusk-eels (family Ophidiidae), pearlfishes (family Carapidae), viviparous brotulas (family Bythitidae), and others. Members of this order have small heads and long slender bodies. They have either smooth scales or no scales, a long dorsal fin and an anal fin that typically runs into the caudal fin. They mostly come from the tropics and subtropics, and live in both freshwater and marine habitats, including abyssal depths. They have adopted a range of feeding methods and lifestyles, including parasitism. The majority are egg-laying, but some are viviparous.
The earliest fossil members are known from the Maastrichtian, and include the basal ophidiiform Pastorius from Italy and several species of the basal cusk-eel Ampheristus from the United States and Germany.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref>
DistributionEdit
This order includes a variety of deep-sea species, including the deepest known, Abyssobrotula galatheae, found at Template:Convert in the Puerto Rico Trench. Many other species, however, live in shallow water, especially near coral reefs, while a few inhabit freshwater. Most species live in tropical or subtropical habitats, but some species are known from as far north as the coast of Greenland, and as far south as the Weddell Sea.<ref name=EoF>Template:Cite book</ref>
CharacteristicsEdit
Ophidiiform fish typically have slender bodies with small heads, and either smooth scales, or none at all. They have long dorsal fins, and an anal fin that is typically united with the caudal fin. The group includes pelagic, benthic, and even parasitic species, although all have a similar body form. Some species are viviparous, giving birth to live young, rather than laying eggs. They range in size from Grammanoides opisthodon which measures just Template:Convert in length, to Lamprogrammus shcherbachevi at Template:Convert in length.<ref name=EoF/>
The families Ranicipitidae (tadpole cods) and Euclichthyidae (eucla cods) were formerly classified in this order, but are now preferred in Gadiformes; Ranicipitidae has been absorbed within the family Gadidae.
ClassificationEdit
The order Ophidiiformes is subdivided into suborders and families as follows:<ref name=":13">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- Order Ophidiiformes
- Genus †Pastorius<ref name=":3" /> (Late Cretaceous of Italy)
- Suborder Ophidioidei
- Family Acanthonidae Wong & Chen, 2024 (deepsea cusk-eels)
- Family Brotulidae Swainson, 1838 (bearded cusk-eels)
- Family Ophidiidae Rafinesque, 1810 (cusk-eels)
- Family Carapidae Poey, 1867 (pearlfishes)
- Suborder Bythitoidei
- Family Bythitidae Gill, 1861 — viviparous brotulas
- Family Parabrotulidae Nielsen, 1968 — false brotulas
Until recent taxonomic revisions, the suborder Ophidioidei was a paraphyletic grouping.<ref name=":0" /> However, the Bythitoidei are viviparous and seem to make up a monophyletic group,<ref name = FAO>Template:Cite book</ref> while the Ophidioidei are oviparous.<ref name = NOAA>Template:Cite book</ref>
Timeline of generaEdit
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ReferencesEdit
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| url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=553139 | title = Ophidiiformes | publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System }}
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