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Osroene

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Template:Short description Template:For {{#invoke:Infobox|infoboxTemplate |templatestyles = Template:Infobox country/styles.css | bodyclass = ib-country vcard | aboveclass = adr | above = {{#if:Osroene 

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Osroene
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|{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=Map of the Armenian Empire of Tigranes (English).svg|size=|upright=1.15|alt=|title=Map includes Osroene as a tributary kingdom of the Armenian Empire under Tigranes the Great }}{{#if:Map includes Osroene as a tributary kingdom of the Armenian Empire under Tigranes the Great|

Map includes Osroene as a tributary kingdom of the Armenian Empire under Tigranes the Great

}} }}

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                        |capital|{{#switch:Edessa
(modern-day Şanlıurfa, Turkey)
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                          |  = capital
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}}}}|capital |

and largest city
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Koine Greek
Arabic
Persian
Parthian
Armenian


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}} | data20 = Christianity c. 200 AD (State religion)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

It was around 200 CE that Abgar IX adopted Christianity, thus enabling Edessa to become the first Christian state in history whose ruler was officially and openly a Christian.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries

}}

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• 

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• Cadastre

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• 

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• 

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| label123 = Date format | data123=


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  }}

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|

Website
{{{official_website}}}
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| {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=|size=|upright=1.15|alt=|title=Location of Osroene }}{{#if:|

}} 

 }}

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             |Template:Infobox country/formernext

}}

| label135 = Today part of | data135 =

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|

    {{#if:|
  1. }}{{#if:|
  2. }}{{#if:|
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  7. }}{{#if:|
  8. }}

}}

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|

    {{#if:|
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  2. }}{{#if:|
  3. }}{{#if:|
  4. }}{{#if:|
  5. }}{{#if:|
  6. }}{{#if:|
  7. }}{{#if:|
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}} | data138 = {{#if:|

{{{footnotes}}}{{#if:|
{{{footnotes2}}}}}

}}

| belowclass = mergedtoprow noprint | below = {{#if:| Template:Navbar }} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox country with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| admin_center_type | admin_center | alt_coat | alt_flag | alt_flag2 | alt_map | alt_map2 | alt_map3 | alt_symbol | anthem | anthems | antipodes | area_acre | area_data2 | area_data3 | area_footnote | area_ha | area_km2 | area_label | area_label2 | area_label3 | area_land_acre | area_land_footnote | area_land_ha | area_land_km2 | area_land_sq_mi | area_link | area_rank | area_sq_mi | area_water_acre | area_water_footnote | area_water_ha | area_water_km2 | area_water_sq_mi | regexp1 = border_[ps][%d]+ | calling_code | capital_exile | capital_type | capital | cctld | coa_size | coat_alt | common_languages | common_name | conventional_long_name | coordinates | currency_code | currency | date_end | regexp2 = date_event[%d]+ | date_format | date_post | date_pre | date_start | demonym | regexp3 = deputy[%d]+ | drives_on | DST_note | DST | empire | englishmotto | era | regexp4 = established_date[%d]+ | regexp5 = established_event[%d]+ | established | ethnic_groups_ref | ethnic_groups_year | ethnic_groups | event_end | event_post | event_pre | event_start | regexp6 = event[%d]+ | flag| flag_alt | flag_alt2 | flag_border | flag_caption | flag_caption | regexp7 = flag_[ps][%d]+ | flag_size | flag_type | flag_type_article | flag_width | flag2_border | regexp8 = footnote_[a-h] | regexp9 = footnote[%d]+ | footnotes | footnotes2 | FR_cadastre_area_km2 | FR_cadastre_area_rank | FR_cadastre_area_sq_mi | FR_foot | FR_foot2 | FR_foot3 | FR_foot4 | FR_foot5 | FR_IGN_area_km2 | FR_IGN_area_rank | FR_IGN_area_sq_mi | FR_metropole_population_estimate_rank | FR_metropole_population | FR_metropole | FR_total_population_estimate_rank | FR_total_population_estimate_year | FR_total_population_estimate | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank | GDP_nominal_per_capita | GDP_nominal_rank | GDP_nominal_year | GDP_nominal | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank | GDP_PPP_per_capita | GDP_PPP_rank | GDP_PPP_year | GDP_PPP | Gini_change | Gini_rank | Gini_ref | Gini_year | Gini | government_type | HDI_change | HDI_rank | HDI_ref | HDI_year | HDI | house1 | house2 | image_coat | image_flag | image_flag2 | image_map_alt | image_map_caption | image_map_size | image_map | image_map2_alt | image_map2_caption | image_map2_size | image_map2 | image_map3 | regexp10 = image_[ps][%d]+ | image_symbol | iso3166code | languages_sub | languages_type | languages | languages2_sub | languages2_type | languages2 | largest_city | largest_settlement_type | largest_settlement | regexp11 = leader_name[%d]+ | regexp12 = leader_title[%d]+ | regexp13 = leader[%d]+ | legislature | life_span | linking_name | location_map | loctext | lower_house | map_caption | map_caption2 | map_caption3 | map_width | map2_width | map3_width | membership_type | membership | micronation | motto | name | national_anthem | national_languages | national_motto | native_name | navbar | nummembers | official_languages | official_website | org_type | other_symbol_type | other_symbol | regexp14 = [ps][%d]+ | patron_saint | patron_saints | percent_water | politics_link | pop_den_footnote | population_census_rank | population_census_year | population_census | population_data2 | population_data3 | population_density_km2 | population_density_rank | population_density_sq_mi | population_estimate_rank | population_estimate_year | population_estimate | population_label2 | population_label3 | population_link | recognised_languages | recognised_national_languages | recognised_regional_languages | recognized_languages | recognized_national_languages | regexp15 = ref_area[%d]+ | regexp16 = ref_pop[%d]+ | regional_languages | recognized_regional_languages | religion_ref | religion_year | religion | regexp17 = representative[%d]+ | royal_anthem | flag_anthem | march | national_march | regional_anthem | territorial_anthem | state_anthem | sovereignty_note | sovereignty_type | regexp18 = stat_area[%d]+ | regexp19 = stat_pop[%d]+ | regexp20 = stat_year[%d]+ | status_text | status | symbol| symbol_type_article | symbol_type | symbol_width | text_symbol_type | text_symbol | time_zone_DST | time_zone | title_deputy | title_leader | title_representative | today | type_house1 | type_house2 | upper_house | utc_offset_DST | utc_offset | regexp21 = year_deputy[%d]+ | year_end | year_exile_end | year_exile_start | regexp22 = year_leader[%d]+ | regexp23 = year_representative[%d]+ | year_start}}Template:Main other{{#if:|{{#ifeq:Kingdom, vassal state, province|Colony|Template:Main other|{{#ifeq:Kingdom, vassal state, province|Exile|Template:Main other}}}} }} Osroene or Osrhoene (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Langx) was an ancient kingdom and region in Upper Mesopotamia. The Kingdom of Osroene, also known as the "Kingdom of Edessa" (Template:Langx / "Kingdom of Urhay"), according to the name of its capital city (now Şanlıurfa, Turkey), existed from the 2nd century BC, up to the 3rd century AD, and was ruled by the Arab Abgarid dynasty.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Generally allied with the Parthians,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn the Kingdom of Osroene enjoyed semi-autonomy to complete independence from the years of 132 BC to AD 214. The kingdom's population was of mixed culture, being Syriac-speakingTemplate:Efn from the earliest times.Template:Sfn The city's cultural setting was fundamentally Syriac, alongside strong Greek and Parthian influences, though some Arab cults were also attested at Edessa.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn

The ruling Arab Abgarid dynasty was deposed by the Romans during the reign of Roman Emperor Caracalla (Template:Reign211–217), probably in 214 or 216, and Osroene was incorporated as a province,Template:Sfn but it was briefly reestablished during the reign of Roman emperor Gordianus III (238–244). Christianity came early to Osroene. From 318, Osroene was a part of the Diocese of the East. By the 5th century, Edessa had become a main center of Syriac literature and learning. In 608, the Sasanian emperor, Khosrow II (Template:Reign590–628), took Osroene. It was briefly reconquered by the Byzantines, but in 638 it fell to the Arab Muslims as part of the Muslim conquests.

Background and contextEdit

Template:History of the Arab States

File:Map of Roman dependency of Sophene, Corduene, Commagene, and Osrhoene as of 31 BC.png
Roman dependencies, including of Osroene (as of 31 BC)
File:Asia Minor in the early 1st century AD - general map - provinces, client states and main settlements - bleached - English legend.jpg
Anatolia in the early 1st century AD with Osroëne as a client state of the Parthian Empire
File:Roman East 50-en.svg
Kingdom of Osroene (gray shade) and the surrounding regions during the 1st century AD

Template:See also

Osroene, or Edessa, was one of several states that acquired independence from the collapsing Seleucid Empire through a dynasty of the nomadic Nabataean Arab tribe from Southern Canaan and North Arabia, the Osrhoeni, from 136 BC. Osroene's name either derives from the name of this tribe, or from Orhay (Urhay), the original Aramaic name of Edessa.Template:Sfn Arab influence had been strong in the region.Template:Sfn

Osroene endured for four centuries, with twenty-eight rulers occasionally named "king" on their coins. Most of the kings of Osroene were called Abgar or Manu and settled in urban centers.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Osroene was generally allied with the Parthian Empire.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn After a period under the rule of the Parthian Empire, it was absorbed into the Roman Empire in 114 as a semiautonomous vassal state, and incorporated as a simple Roman province in 214.

Christianity in EdessaEdit

Edessa was celebrated as the first kingdom to adopt Christianity as its official religion. There were two main Christianizing movements at Edessa, one that came from Nisibis in the east in the first century and the second that came from Antioch in the west in the end of the second century. There is a mention of a Christian synod in Osroene in 197 CE but scholars have doubted its authenticity. At the end of the second century a bishop of Edessa was consecrated in Rome but had to go to Antioch to be confirmed. The connection between Antioch and Edessa became close by the end of the second century and the see of Edessa became subject to Antioch in the early third century.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Edessa was regularly described as the 'capital of Mesopotamia' in early Syriac manuscripts. The earliest dated Christian literary manuscript in any language was written in November 411 CE, a fragment of Isaiah is dated 459-60 CE, a manuscript containing Genesis and Exodus is dated 463-4 CE, and the earliest dated Gospels in any language were completed in October 510 CE, although there are undated Gospel manuscripts which probably are from the fifth century.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

"First Christian kingdom" claim contested with ArmeniaEdit

There is an apocryphal legend, the Doctrine of Addai (late 4th or early 5th century), and an anonymous history, the Chronicle of Edessa (mid-6th century), claiming that Osroene was the first state to have accepted Christianity as state religion,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

It was around 200 CE that Abgar IX adopted Christianity, thus enabling Edessa to become the first Christian state in history whose ruler was officially and openly a Christian.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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The fame of Edessa in history rests, however, mainly on its claim to have been the first kingdom to adopt Christianity as its official religion. According to the legend current for centuries throughout the civilized world, Abgar Ukkama wrote to Jesus, inviting him to visit him at Edessa to heal him from sickness. In return he received the blessing of Jesus and subsequently was converted by the evangelist Addai. There is, however, no factual evidence for Christianity at Edessa before the reign of Abgar the Great, 150 years later. Scholars are generally agreed that the legend has confused the two Abgars. It cannot be proved that Abgar the Great adopted Christianity; but his friend Bardaiṣan was a heterodox Christian, and there was a church at Edessa in 201. It is testimony to the personality of Abgar the Great that he is credited by tradition with a leading role in the evangelization of Edessa.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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More significant than Bardaisan's conversion to Christianity was the conversion -reported by Bardaisan - of Abgar the Great himself." The conversion is controversial, but whether or not he became a Christian, Abgar had the wisdom to recognise the inherent order and stability in Christianity a century before Constantino did. Ho encouraged it as essential for maintaining Edessa's precarious balance between Rome and Iran. Thus, it is Abgar the Great who lays claim to being the world's first Christian monarch and Edessa the first Christian state. More than anything else, a major precedent had been set for the conversion of Rome itself. // The stories of the conversions of both Abgar V and Abgar VIII may not be true, and have been doubted by a number of Western authorities (with more than a hint at unwillingness to relinquish Rome's and St Peter's own primogeniture?). But whether true or not. the stories did establish Edessa as one of the more important centres for early Christendom."{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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By the end of the second century Christianity was well established in Edessa in various forms, some texts belong to the early third century and provide unambiguous evidence for Christianity at Edessa, such as the account of the flood at Edessa in 201 CE which is preserved in the Chronicle of Edessa, fragments of Bardaisan's works preserved by later writers and the Book of the Laws of the Countries written in the School of Bardaisan. By the end of the third century Christianity had spread to surrounding villages.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

By c. AD 200, the Church in Edessa must have been of some size to judge from the expansion of Christianity in the early third century in Osroene and neighboring Adiabene, as according to the Chronicle of Arbela there were more than twenty bishoprics in the region bordering the Tigris in AD 224.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Edessa was known as a Christian city at a very early date, but the countryside was only Christianized during the 4-5th centuries by Syrian monks and ascetics.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

General opinion is that the official adoption of Christianity happened during the reign of Abgar VIII the Great (177 – 212), who was either Christian himself or not at all hostile to Christians, as the Christian writer Sextus Julius Africanus (c. 160 – c. 240) stayed at Abgar the Great's court in 195, and a Christian inscription was produced in Edessa, which is from the same period or few decades later than the Inscription of Abercius from 216.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is estimated that Christianity was preached in Edessa since 160 – 170,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and a flood in 201 destroyed "the temple of the church of the Christians", indicating a community large enough to have had a building of notable importance to the city at the time.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The earliest known Syriac writer, Bardaisan (154-222), was activeTemplate:Where, and contemporary coins dated 179-192 clearly show Abgar VIII the Great wearing a tiara with a cross.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The dates and circumstances of the Christianization of the kings and the Kingdom of Osroene are still debated<ref>Template:Cite book<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

Modern scholars have taken basically two very different approaches to this legend (which obviously reflects the general search for apostolic origins, characteristics of the fourth century). Some would dismiss it totally, while others prefer to see it as a retrojection into the first century of the conversion of the local king at the end of the second century. In other words, Abgar (V) the Black of the legend in fact represents Abgar (VIII) the Great (c. 177-212), contemporary of Badaisan. Attractive though this second approach might seem, there are serious objections to it, and the various small supportive evidence that Abgar (VIII) the Great became Christian disappears on closer examination.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the claim of becoming the first Christian kingdom is contested by Armenia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the Church of the Virgin in Dayr al-Suryān in Egypt, built in the middle seventh century and monumental paintings applied in later centuries, a number of narrative scenes of conversion as the central theme were painted. There are remains of a painting of King Abgar of Edessa with the mandylion, while on the same wall there is a painting of Constantine the Great on horseback holding the sign of the cross in his first battle as a Christian. The paintings are making a clear statement: Constantine was the first Christian Roman emperor but Edessa had a Christian king almost three centuries before. On an opposite wall fragments are preserved of Gregory the Illuminator's conversion of the Armenians. The unique conversion scenes were probably painted as a carefully planned addition after the eight century, covering scenes of the Pentecost, and it is possible that the church building had a geographical symbolism as Ethiopia is equaled with the south, Armenia with the north, and Byzantium and Edessa with the east.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The first Armenian Christian king Tiridates the Great is absent from the depiction.

Population and cultureEdit

File:Roman Orpheus Taming Wild Animals.jpg
Ancient mosaic from Edessa (2nd century AD) with inscriptions in the Aramaic language

Though most of Osroene's rulers were from the Abgarid dynasty of Arab origin, the kingdom's population was of mixed culture, being Syriac-speaking from the earliest times.Template:Sfn Though Arab cults were attested at Edessa (the twins Monimos and Azizos), its cultural setting was fundamentally Syriac, alongside strong Greek and Parthian influences.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Thus, according to Maurice Sartre: "It would hence be absurd to regard Edessa as solely an Arab city, for its culture owed very little to the nomadic Arabs of the region".Template:Sfn Later, within the Roman Empire, Edessa was the most important center of Syriac Christianity.Template:Sfn Under the Nabataean dynasties, Osroëne became increasingly influenced by Syriac Christianity,Template:Sfn and was a centre of local reaction against Hellenism.

In his writings, Pliny the Elder refers to the natives of Osroene and Commagene as Arabs and the region as Arabia.<ref>H. I. MacAdam, N. J. Munday, "Cicero's Reference to Bostra (AD Q. FRAT. 2. 11. 3)", Classical Philology, pp.131-136, 1983.</ref> Abgar II is called "an Arab phylarch" by Plutarch,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> while Abgar V is described as "king of the Arabs" by Tacitus.<ref>Guscin, Mark (2016). The Tradition of the Image of Edessa. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 13.</ref>

The Edessene onomastic contains many Arabic names.Template:Sfn The most common one in the ruling dynasty of Edessa being Abgar, a well-attested name among Arabic groups of antiquity.<ref>Retso, Jan (2013). The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads. Routledge. p. 419."Abgar, is a well-known name among Arabic-speaking groups in antiquity, the Nabataeans included."</ref> Some members of the dynasty bore Iranian names, while others had Arabic names.Template:Sfn Judah Segal notes that the names ending in "-u" are "undoubtedly Nabatean".Template:Sfn The Abgarid dynasts spoke "a form of Aramaic".Template:Sfn

It was in the region in which the legend of Abgar V originated.

In Roman sourcesEdit

The area of the kingdom was perhaps roughly coterminous with that of the Roman province of Osrhoene. The great loop of the Euphrates was a natural frontier to the north and west. In the south Batnae was capital of the semi-autonomous principality of Anthemusias until its annexation by Rome, in AD 115. The eastern boundary is uncertain; it may have extended to Nisibis or even to Adiabene in the first century AD. Ḥarrān, however, only 40 km south of Edessa, always maintained its independent status as a Roman colonia.Template:Sfn

Edessa, the capital of the ancient kingdom, was a fortress of considerable strength and a staging post both large and nearest to the Euphrates. It was an important road junction; an ancient highway, along which caravans carried merchandise from China and India to the West, meeting there a north–south road connecting the Armenian Highlands with Antioch. Inevitably, Edessa figured prominently on the international stage.Template:Sfn

In 64 BC, as Pompey waged war on the Parthian Empire, Abgar II of Osrhoene had sided with the Romans when Lucius Afranius occupied Upper Mesopotamia. The king was initially an ally of the Roman general Marcus Licinius Crassus in his campaign against the Parthians in 53 BC, but Roman historians allege that he betrayed Crassus by leading him to deviate from his safe route along the river and instead into an open desert, where the troops suffered from the barrenness and thus were vulnerable to cavalry attack. Abgar is said to have met with Surenas, the Parthian general, and informed him of the Roman movements. The enormous and infamous Battle of Carrhae followed and destroyed the entire Roman army. Just prior to the battle, Abgar made a pretext to ride away. However, modern historians have questioned whether Abgar intended to betray the Romans and instead may have simply been leading them along an old Arab trade route.<ref>Sheldon, Mary Rose, "Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome: Trust in the Gods But Verify", pg. 92</ref> According to a Syriac source, Abgar died later that year.Template:Sfn

In the early 2nd century AD, King Abgar VII joined the Emperor Trajan's campaign into Mesopotamia and entertained him at court. The king later rebelled against the Romans, however, which led to the Roman general Lucius Quietus sacking Edessa and putting an end to Osrhoene's independence in 116. In 123, during the reign of Hadrian, the Abgarid dynasty was restored with the installation of Ma'nu VII, and Osroene was established as a client kingdom of the Empire.<ref>Ball, W (2001). Rome in the East: the transformation of an empire. Routledge. p. 90.</ref> After the Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 under Marcus Aurelius, forts were built and a Roman garrison was stationed in Nisibis. In 195, following a civil war in which the kingdom had supported his rival Pescennius Niger, Septimius Severus mounted an invasion and annexed the territory as a new province, making Nisibis the capital.<ref>Southern, Pat, "The Empress Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen", 2009: pg. 36</ref> However, the emperor did allow the king, Abgar XI, to retain the city of Edessa and a small territory surrounding it.<ref>Birley, Anthony, "Septimius Severus: The African Emperor", 1999: pg. 115</ref> In 213, the reigning king was deposed by Caracalla, and the remaining territory was incorporated into the Roman province of Osroene.<ref>Sinclair, T.A., "Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume IV: pg. 196</ref>

According to legends (without historical justification), by 201 AD or earlier, under King Abgar the Great, Osroene became the first Christian state.<ref>Cheetham, Samuel (1905). A History of the Christian Church During the First Six Centuries. Macmillan and Co. p. 58.</ref><ref>Lockyer, Herbert (1988). All the Apostles of the Bible. Zondervan. p. 260. Template:ISBN.</ref> It is believed that the Gospel of Thomas emanated from Edessa around 140. Prominent early Christian figures have lived in and emerged from the region such as Tatian the Assyrian, who came to Edessa from Hadiab (Adiabene). He made a trip to Rome and returned to Edessa around 172–173. Tatian was the editor of the Diatessaron, which was the primary sacred text of Syriac-speaking Christianity until in the 5th century the bishops Rabbula and Theodoret suppressed it and substituted a revision of the Old Syriac Canonical Gospels (as in the Syriac Sinaiticus and Curetonian Gospels).<ref>L.W. Barnard, The Origins and Emergence of the Church in Edessa during the First Two Centuries A.D., Vigiliae Christianae, pp.161-175, 1968 (see pp. 162,165,167,169).</ref>

Then, Edessa was again brought under Roman control by Decius and it was made a center of Roman operations against the Sasanian Empire. Amru, possibly a descendant of Abgar, is mentioned as king in the Paikuli inscription, recording the victory of Narseh in the Sassanid civil war of 293. Historians identify that Amru as Amru ibn Adi, the fourth king of the Lakhmids, which was then still based in Harran, not yet moved to al-Hirah in southern Mesopotamia.<ref>A. T. Olmstead, "The Mid-Third Century of the Christian Era. II", Classical Philology (1942): 398-420 (see p. 399)</ref>

Many centuries later, Dagalaiphus and Secundinus duke of Osrhoene, accompanied Julian in his war against the Sasanian emperor, Shapur II, in the 4th century.<ref>E. Gibbon, The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire, Vol. I, Chapter XXIV [1] Template:Webarchive.</ref>

Roman provinceEdit

File:Osroene.png
Roman province of Osroene, highlighted within the Roman Empire
File:Roman-Persian Frontier, 5th century.png
Map showing the Eastern Roman provinces, including Osroene, in the 5th century

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The independence of the state ended probably in Template:Circa; during Caracalla's reign the monarchy was abolished by the Roman Empire and Osroene was incorporated it as a province (colonia).Template:Sfn It was a frontier province, lying close to the Persian empires with which the Romans were repeatedly at war, and was taken and retaken several times. As it was on the frontier it had a Roman legion stationed there. Legio III Parthica and its Castrum (homebase) may have been Rhesaina, but that is uncertain.

Following Emperor Diocletian's tetrarchy reform during his reign (284-305), it was part of the diocese of the East, in the praetorian prefecture of the same name.

According to the late-4th-century Notitia Dignitatum, it was headed by a governor of the rank of praeses, and it was also the seat of the dux Mesopotamiae, who ranked as vir illustris and commanded (c. 400) the following army units:

  • Equites Dalmatae Illyriciani, garrisoned at Ganaba.
  • Equites Promoti Illyriciani, Callinicum.
  • Equites Mauri Illyriciani, Dabana.
  • Equites Promoti indigenae, Banasam
  • Equites Promoti indigenae, Sina Iudaeorum.
  • Equites Sagittarii indigenae, Oraba.
  • Equites Sagittarii indigenae, Thillazamana.
  • Equites Sagittarii indigenae Medianenses, Mediana.
  • Equites Primi Osrhoeni, Rasin.
  • Praefectus legionis quartae Parthicae, Circesium.
  • (an illegible command, possibly Legio III Parthica), Apatna.

as well as, 'on the minor roll', apparently auxiliaries:

  • Ala Septima Valeria Praelectorum, Thillacama.
  • Ala Prima Victoriae, Tovia -contra Bintha.
  • Ala Secunda Paflagonum, Thillafica.
  • Ala Prima Parthorum, Resaia.
  • Ala Prima nova Diocletiana, inter Thannurin et Horobam.
  • Cohors Prima Gaetulorum, Thillaamana.
  • Cohors Prima Eufratensis, Maratha.
  • Ala Prima Salutaria, Duodecimo constituta.

According to Sozomen's Ecclesiastical History, "there were some very learned men who formerly flourished in Osroene, as for instance Bardaisan, who devised a heresy designated by his name, and his son Harmonius. It is related that this latter was deeply versed in Grecian erudition, and was the first to subdue his native tongue to meters and musical laws; these verses he delivered to the choirs" and that Arianism, a more successful heresy, met with opposition there.

RulersEdit

File:Abgar Revers.JPG
Coin of king Abgar, who ruled in Osroene during the reign of Roman emperor Septimius Severus (193-211)
File:Coin of King Abgar X Phraates of Edessa.jpg
Coin of king Abgar, who ruled in Osroene during the reign of Roman emperor Gordianus III (238-244)

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Kings of Edessa/Osroene
King Reign Comments
Aryu 132–127 BC
Abdu, son of Maz'ur 127–120 BC
Fradasht, son of Gebar'u 120–115 BC
Bakru I, son of Fradasht 115–112 BC
Bakru II, son of Bakru 112–94 BC Ruled alone
Bakru II and Ma'nu I 94 BC Ruled together
Bakru II and Abgar I Piqa 94–92 BC Ruled together
Abgar I 92–68 BC Ruled alone
Abgar II, son of Abgar I 68–53 BC
Interregnum 53–52 BC
Ma'nu II 52–34 BC
Paqor 34–29 BC
Abgar III 29–26 BC
Abgar IV Sumaqa 26–23 BC
Ma'nu III Saflul 23–4 BC
Abgar V Ukkama, son of Ma'nu 4 BC–7 AD 1st tenure
Ma'nu IV, son of Ma'nu 7–13 AD
Abgar V Ukkama 13–50 AD 2nd tenure
Ma'nu V, son of Abgar 50–57 AD
Ma'nu VI, son of Abgar 57–71 AD
Abgar VI, son of Ma'nu 71–91 AD
Interregnum 91–109 AD
Abgar VII, son of Ezad 109–116 AD
Interregnum 116–118 AD
Yalur (Yalud) and Parthamaspates 118–122 AD Ruled together
Parthamaspates 122–123 AD Ruled alone
Ma'nu VII, son of Ezad 123–139 AD
Ma'nu VIII, son of Ma'nu 139–163 AD First tenure
Wa'el, son of Sahru 163–165 AD Installed by the Parthians
Ma'nu VIII, son of Ma'nu 165–177 AD Second tenure
Abgar VIII the Great, son of Ma'nu 177–212 AD
Abgar IX Severus, son of Abgar 212–214 AD Deposed by the Romans; Osroene incorporated as a Roman province (colonia)Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Ma'nu IX, son of Ma'nu 214–240 AD Ruled only in name
Abgar X Frahad, son of Ma'nu 240–242 AD Ruled only in name

See alsoEdit

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NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

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External linksEdit

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