Otrera
Template:Short description Template:Distinguish In Greek mythology, Otrera Template:IPAc-en (Template:Langx Otrērē) was the founder and first Queen of the Amazons; the consort of Ares and mother of Hippolyta and Penthesilea. She is credited with being the founder of the shrine of Artemis in Ephesus.
MythologyEdit
Queen of the AmazonsEdit
Apollonius of Rhodes writes that the three cities of the Amazons are located in the plain of Doias. He further mentions a temple of Ares, Otrera and Antiope built in a desert island full of ravening birds.<ref>Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica 2.370</ref>
Otrera is sometimes considered the mythological founder of the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, which was closely connected with Amazons.<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 223 and 225</ref> She is the queen and the founding mother of the Amazon nation.
Otrera was the consort<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 223</ref> of Ares and mother by him of Hippolyta<ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 30</ref> and Penthesilea;<ref>Apollodorus, Epitome 5.1</ref><ref>Hyginus, Fabulae 112</ref> both went on to become queens of the Amazons.
While usually said to be Ares' consort, in one version she's his daughter instead by an unknown mother.<ref>Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 1.1022</ref>
Otrera and the Temple of ArtemisEdit
The war-like Amazons were credited with founding the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. They established an image beneath an oak tree, with one of them, Hippolyta, performing the ritual in honour of the goddess, and around the image they broke into a war dance, holding their spears and armor.<ref>Callimachus, Hymn to Artemis 240</ref> No one was to refuse the yearly dance, as Hippolyta apparently did and was punished for that.<ref>Callimachus, Hymn to Artemis 270</ref>
Pausanias writes that, Pindar also followed the tradition in which the cult of Artemis in Ephesus was established by Otrera and the Amazons. According to Pindar, the sanctuary was founded by the Amazons during their campaign against Athens and Theseus, and that it was common for the women from Thermodon to sacrifice there on that occasion as well as other, such as when they fled from Heracles and earlier still from Dionysus. However, Pausanias notes that the cult of Artemis is much more ancient, and that it wasn't the Amazons, but a native named Coresus who founded the temple.<ref>Pausanias, Description of Greece 7.2.7</ref>
Possible adventuresEdit
While she's not confirmed by name in taking part in any of those events, it is recorded that once the Amazons took part in a campaign against Troy,<ref>Homer, Iliad 3.185</ref> and that the hero Bellerophon also led a war against them, in which he emerged victorious.<ref>Homer, Iliad 6.161-186</ref><ref>Pindar, Olympian Odes 13.85</ref><ref>Apollodorus, Library 2.3.2</ref>
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
Ancient sourcesEdit
- Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Pindar, Odes, Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Apollonius of Rhodes, Argonautica; with an English translation by R. C. Seaton. William Heinemann, 1912.
- Callimachus, The Hymns Edited with Introduction, Translation and Commentary by Stephens, Susan A., Oxford: Oxford University Press (2015). Template:ISBN
- Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Pausanias, Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Hyginus, Gaius Julius, The Myths of Hyginus. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.
Modern sourcesEdit
- Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, Template:ISBN. "Hippolyta"
- Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Otre'ra" , "Hippo'lyte"
External linksEdit
- The Theoi Project, "OTRERA"
- Florence Mary Bennett, Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons: (1912): Chapter III: Ephesian Artemis (text)
- Quintus Smyrnaeus, Posthomerica: (uncertain date, possibly 4th century AD) (text)
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