Ouragan-class landing platform dock
The Ouragan class (Template:Langx) was a series of French landing platform docks operated by the Marine Nationale. They were designated Transport de chalands de débarquement (TCD) (in English: landing craft transport) in French service. The Ouragan class was the first series of landing platform docks designed and constructed by France. The two ships entered service in the late 1960s and both ships saw service in the Pacific Ocean as part of the French nuclear programme. They were initially intended to be replaced by the Template:Sclasss in the 1990s. However, due to delays, they were kept in service until they were replaced by the Template:Sclasss in the 2000s. A possible sale to Argentina fell through after concerns of asbestos arose. Both ships were taken out of service in 2007 and were scrapped in Belgium in 2016 and 2017 respectively.
BackgroundEdit
In the immediate post-World War II era, the French Navy acquired a series of American and British amphibious warfare ships. This was done in order to gain knowledge and experience with these ship types. The French acquired the Template:Sclass Template:Ship in 1952 via the Mutual Defense Assistance Program. Foudre served until 1969 and was the basis for French knowledge of the ship type.Template:Sfn
Design and descriptionEdit
The class was designed for multi-mission capability. They had the ability to complete a fast loading and unloading of landing craft, and other equipment, carrying troops and vehicles for a land mission. The vessels could carry, supply and operate helicopters transporting commandos or providing close support. They could transport the mission crew and command a landing operation of limited scale. The Ouragan class had a standard displacement of Template:Convert and Template:Cvt at full load. They were Template:Convert long overall and Template:Cvt between perpendiculars with a beam of Template:Cvt and a draught of Template:Convert.Template:Sfn When completely docked down they had a displacement of Template:Cvt and a draught of Template:Cvt.Template:Sfn The vessels had a max complement of 213 personnel including 10 officers.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn
Ouragan was powered by two SEMT-Pielstick 12 PC 2V diesel engines turning two shafts and controllable pitch propellers.Template:Sfn OuraganTemplate:'s powerplant created Template:Convert and OrageTemplate:'s, Template:Cvt. This gave the ships a maximum speed of Template:Convert and a range of Template:Convert at Template:Convert.Template:Sfn The ships both created 2,650 kW of electrical power.Template:Sfn
Amphibious warfareEdit
The ship had a Template:Convert well deck that could be submerged Template:Convert under water. The movement of water within the ship was control by sluices, valves and automatic pumps. The vessels were capable of filling the deck at Template:Cvt controlled from a central position. The well deck was accessed by a Template:Cvt stern gate.Template:Sfn Since the vessels were designed for multi-mission capability, the Ouragan class had several layouts. The standard layout allowed the vessels to transport 349 troops with 14 officers. For short distances the number could rise to 470 troops. The ships were supplied with two Engin de débarquement d'infanterie et de chars (EDICs) which could transport eleven light tanks or eight loaded Chaland de transport de matériel (CTMs) or with eighteen Mk 6 landing craft mechanized (LCMs) operating from the well deck.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn A further three landing craft vehicle personnel (LCVPs) could be carried topside.Template:Sfn
Mission flexibility was accomplished through the non-permanent sections of both the internal and external decks that could be removed. A Template:Convert temporary dock could be created from fifteen temporary sections that allowed for an increase in storage space for equipment, however the docking well was reduced to half its normal size.Template:Sfn Logistically they could carry Template:Cvt of equipment which was serviced by the two 35-ton cranes mounted above the docking well.Template:Sfn OrageTemplate:'s interior layout was altered, equipped with an enclosed flag bridge but with the removable decks and surgical compartments removed Furthermore, there was a large provision of decontamination areas. They were also designed as repair ships, able to dock ships up to Template:Convert within their well and had repair and maintenance facilities along with electrical and ordnance workshops.Template:Sfn
Armament and electronic warfareEdit
Ouragan was originally armed with two single-mounted Template:Convert mortars and four single-mounted [[Bofors 40 mm L/60 gun|Template:Cvt guns]]. The 120 mm mortars had a range of Template:Cvt and fired a Template:Convert shell. The 40 mm guns had a range of Template:Cvt. Orage was unarmed.Template:Sfn However, in 1993, the two ships were upgraded with two Matra Simbad twin missile launchers armed with the Mistral infrared surface-to-air missile. The anti sea-skimmer missile has a homing range to Template:Cvt and carried a Template:Cvt warhead. Orage was also given two single-mounted Breda/Mauser Template:Cvt/70 guns.Template:Sfn
Ouragan was initially deployed with the SQS-17 sonar system.Template:Sfn In 1993, as part of their modernisation, both ships were equipped with Thomson-CSF DRBV 51A air/surface radar operating on the G band and for weapons control they were given two SAGEM VIGY-105 optronic systems. OuraganTemplate:'s sonar was removed in the refit.Template:Sfn
AircraftEdit
Ships of the Ouragan class had a Template:Convert flight deck that initially had the ability to operate three Aérospatiale SA 321 Super Frelon helicopters or ten Aérospatiale Alouette IIIs. To accommodate the flight deck, a small island was situated to the starboard side.Template:Sfn They could have one further Super Frelon or three Alouettes fly from a removable six-section Template:Cvt flight deck area covering their well deck space.Template:Sfn Within its hold, it could carry 18 Super Frelons and 80 Alouettes for transport purposes only.Template:Sfn
Ships in classEdit
| Ouragan class construction dataTemplate:Sfn | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pennant no. | Name | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate |
| L9021 | Template:Ship | DCN Brest | June 1962 | 9 November 1963 | 1 June 1965 | Retired 2007, scrapped at Ghent, Belgium in 2016 |
| L9022 | Template:Ship | June 1966 | 22 April 1967 | 1 March 1968 | Retired 2007, scrapped at Ghent, Belgium in 2017 | |
Service historyEdit
Ouragan was assigned to the Pacific Experimental Centre, the French nuclear testing centre while based at Brest. Ouragan took part in nuclear tests and was present for the first French hydrogen bomb test in 1968. In 1975, the ship was ordered to Anjouan to evacuate French citizens from the Cormoros.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following its commissioning, Orage was sent to the Pacific Ocean and assigned to the Pacific Experimental Centre. While deployed with this unit, Orage was unarmed and its surgical compartments and inboard removable decks were replaced with modular structure.Template:Sfn This allowed the vessel to be a floating headquarters ship. The vessel acted as the primary transport for the unit to and from France.Template:Sfn During its career, Orage carried out eleven Pacific cruises before joining the Atlantic fleet in 1977.<ref name="orage">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1979, Ouragan was sent to Lebanon to embark the French army contingent of UNIFIL. In 1987, Ouragan rescued the small freighter Taporo 1 after the merchant suffered damage to its propulsion and was left adrift on a coral reef.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1991, Ouragan and Orage took part in the Opération Daguet, the French armed forces operation in the Gulf War.<ref name="orage"/><ref name="ouragan2001">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> That year, Orage supported the French ballistic missile submarine Template:Ship when it sailed to Dakar, marking the first acknowledged visit of nuclear submarine to Africa.<ref name="orage"/>
The ships were due to decommission in 1993, however delays in the construction of the Template:Sclass forced the French Navy to send the class in for an overhaul. Following the refit, both ships were assigned to the Force d'action navale based in Toulon.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Their service life was again extended until the Template:Sclasss entered service.Template:Sfn In the 1990s, Orage deployed to the Mediterranean Sea in support of missions during the Yugoslav War and the War in Kosovo. In 2004, the ship was ordered to Haiti to protect French citizens during unrest in the country.<ref name="orage"/> The two ships of this class were supposedly due for transfer to the Argentine Navy in 2006 and 2007 but the whole operation was placed on hold by the Argentine Government due to concerns about asbestos, a toxic material used in the ships' construction. They remained moored in Toulon harbour.<ref name="ouragan2001"/> Both ships were taken out of service in 2007 and sold for scrap on 16 July 2009.<ref name="orage"/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In early 2016 Ouragan arrived at Ghent at the Galloo ship recycling plant where it was dismantled.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In mid 2017, Orage was sent for dismantling in Belgium.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>