Overpressure

Template:Short description Template:About Overpressure (or blast overpressure) is the pressure caused by a shock wave over and above normal atmospheric pressure. The shock wave may be caused by sonic boom or by explosion, and the resulting overpressure receives particular attention when measuring the effects of nuclear weapons or thermobaric bombs.

Effects

According to an article in the journal Toxicological Sciences,

Blast overpressure (BOP), also known as high energy impulse noise, is a damaging outcome of explosive detonations and firing of weapons. Exposure to BOP shock waves alone results in injury predominantly to the hollow organ systems such as auditory, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems.<ref>"Pulmonary Biochemical and Histological Alterations after Repeated Low-Level Blast Overpressure Exposures", Nabil M. Elsayed, and Nikolai V. Gorbunov, Toxicological Sciences, 2007 95(1):289-296, online version 2006, http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/95/1/289</ref>

An EOD suit worn by bomb disposal experts can protect against the effects of BOP.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=EOB>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Overpressure psi (kPa; bar)	Effect on buildings and people within
Template:Convert	Window glass shatters Light injuries from fragments occur
Template:Convert	Moderate damage to houses (windows and doors blown out and severe damage to roofs) People injured by flying glass and debris
Template:Convert	Residential structures collapse Serious injuries are common, fatalities may occur
Template:Convert	Most buildings collapse except reinforced concrete buildings Injuries are universal, fatalities are widespread
Template:Convert	Reinforced concrete buildings severely damaged or demolished Most people are killed
Template:Convert	Heavily built reinforced concrete buildings are severely damaged or demolished Fatalities approach 100%

The above table details the effects of overpressure on the human body in a building affected by a blast of overpressure waves, as clarified later in the journal. Template:Quote

According to documents released by the United States Military Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC), Template:Quote

Calculation for an enclosed space

Overpressure in an enclosed space is determined using "Weibull's formula":<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite patent</ref>

<math>\Delta p = 22.5 \left( {m \over V} \right)^{0.72} \text{bars}</math>

where:

• 22.5 is a constant based on experimentation
• <math>m\,</math> = (kilograms) net explosive mass calculated using all explosive materials and their relative effectiveness
• <math>V\,</math> = (cubic meters) volume of given area (primarily used to determine volume within an enclosed space)

See also

• Bomb disposal