Oxted line
Template:Short description Template:Good article Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox rail line The Oxted line is a railway line in southern England. It runs from the Brighton Main Line at Template:Rws in Greater London to Hurst Green Junction in Surrey, where its two branches diverge. The western branch continues via Template:Rws to Template:Rws in West Sussex, whereas the eastern branch runs via Template:Rws in Kent to Template:Rws in East Sussex. The line is named after the town of Oxted in Surrey and also serves parts of the London Borough of Croydon. The Template:Convert South Croydon–East Grinstead section is electrified using the 750 V DC third-rail system and is double track throughout. The unelectrified Hurst Green Junction–Uckfield section is Template:Cvt in length and, south of Template:Rws, is mostly single track.
Most trains on the Oxted line are operated by Southern, although Thameslink services also run to-and-from East Grinstead at peak times. During off-peak periods on weekdays, there is a half-hourly service between Template:Rws and East Grinstead, and an hourly service between Template:Rws and Uckfield. Services operated by Class 377 electric multiple units generally call at all stations between Template:Rws and East Grinstead; services operated by Class 171 diesel multiple units call at all stations between Oxted and Uckfield, but generally run non-stop between Template:Rws and Oxted.
The first part of the route to be completed, between Template:Rws and Uckfield, was opened by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR) in August 1868. Although construction work was also carried out on the northern part of the Oxted line, the unfinished track bed was abandoned in 1869. In 1878, Parliament authorised the South Croydon–East Grinstead line, part of which would be built as a joint venture between the LB&SCR and the South Eastern Railway. The first trains between London and East Grinstead via Oxted ran in March 1884. Four years later, in 1888, the Oxted line was completed with the opening of the section between Hurst Green Junction and Eridge.
Until the mid-20th century, trains were able to continue from both southern termini to Template:Rws. Passenger services were permanently withdrawn from the East Grinstead–Lewes section in March 1958 and from the Uckfield–Lewes section in May 1969. Steam haulage on the Oxted line was replaced by diesel traction in 1965 and the electrification of the South Croydon–East Grinstead section was completed in 1987. Much of the line between Hever and Uckfield was converted to single track in 1990.
RouteEdit
OverviewEdit
The Oxted line is a railway line in southern England. It links central London and the borough of Croydon with the towns of Oxted, East Grinstead, Edenbridge, Crowborough and Uckfield. The route passes through the counties of Greater London, Surrey, Kent, East Sussex and West Sussex.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Four stations are in the London fare zones: South Croydon station is in Zone 5; Template:Rws, Template:Rws and Template:Rws are in Zone 6.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The name "Oxted Line" was first used in 1989 by Network SouthEast, the then operator of the route.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The Oxted line diverges from the Brighton Main Line at South Croydon Junction, immediately to the south of South Croydon station, and climbs along the eastern side of the Caterham valley, initially parallel to the Caterham line.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn At Hurst Green Junction, south of Hurst Green station, the line line splits into two, with an electrified branch running to Template:Rws and an unelectrified branch running to Template:Rws.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Both routes previously continued south beyond their current termini to Template:Rws, but these lines were closed in the mid-20th century.Template:Sfn<ref name=Fellows_1982>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Although the South Croydon–East Grinstead section is double track throughout, the Uckfield branch was mostly converted to single track south of Template:Rws in 1990.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref name=MR_2017>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Three distinct services operate on the Oxted line:
- Template:Rws–East Grinstead operated by Southern using Class 377 electric multiple units;Template:Sfn
- Template:Rws–Uckfield operated by Southern using Class 171 diesel multiple units;Template:Sfn<ref name=RAIL_2024>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
- Thameslink services to-and-from East Grinstead during weekday peak hours only, operated by Class 700 electric multiple units.<ref name=TRUK_Sept_2018>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name=MR_TLR>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
With the exception of the Thameslink services, Oxted line trains do not call at South Croydon. North of Template:Rws, trains to London Victoria call only at Template:Rws, whereas those operated by Class 171 and 700 units run fast to London Bridge. In general, trains to-and-from Uckfield do not call at Sanderstead, Riddlesdown, Upper Warlingham and Template:Rws.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
South Croydon–East GrinsteadEdit
The South Croydon–East Grinstead section of the Oxted line is Template:Cvt in length and has 10 stations in total.Template:Sfn South Croydon station has five platforms, of which only three are accessible for Oxted Line trains; Oxted station has three platforms, one of which is a south-facing bay; all other stations (Sanderstead, Riddlesdown, Upper Warlingham, Woldingham, Hurst Green, Template:Rws, Template:Rws and East Grinstead) have two platforms each.Template:Sfn All stations are managed by Southern.<ref>Template:Unbulleted list citebundle</ref> This section of the line serves Lingfield Park Racecourse, around Template:Cvt from Lingfield station,Template:Sfn and interchange is available with the Bluebell Railway, a heritage railway, at East Grinstead.<ref name=BBC_2013>Template:Cite news</ref>
The South Croydon–East Grinstead section of the Oxted line is electrified using the 750 V DC third-rail system and is double track throughout.Template:Sfn North of Upper Warlingham, the signalling is controlled by Three Bridges Area Signalling Centre, but the rest of the line is controlled from Oxted Signal Box. The maximum line speed is Template:Cvt and trains typically reach East Croydon from East Grinstead in around 35–40 minutes.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The maximum gradient on this section is 1 in 67, south of Dormans.<ref name=Fellows_1982/> The summit of the line is on the north side of Oxted Tunnel, the longest on the line at Template:Cvt.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn There are two other tunnels: the Template:Cvt Riddlesdown Tunnel and the Template:Cvt Limpsfield Tunnel.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn There are four viaducts on the South Croydon–East Grinstead section at Riddlesdown, Warlingham, Oxted and Cooks Pond (near Dormans).Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Between Hurst Green and Lingfield, the line passes beneath the Redhill–Tonbridge line, although the Crowhurst spur connecting the two was closed in 1965.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
| Station | Distance from London Victoria via East CroydonTemplate:Sfn |
Number of platforms |
Opening date | Original name | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 5 (3 for Oxted line) | Template:Date table sorting | Template:Sfn | |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 2 | Template:Date table sorting | Template:Sfn | |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 2 | Template:Date table sorting | Template:Sfn | |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 2 | Template:Date table sorting | Warlingham | Template:Sfn |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 2 | Template:Date table sorting | Marden Park | Template:Sfn |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 3 | Template:Date table sorting | Template:Sfn | |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 2 | Template:Date table sorting (relocated 12 June 1961) |
Hurst Green Halt | Template:Sfn |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 2 | Template:Date table sorting | Template:Sfn | |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 2 | Template:Date table sorting | Template:Sfn | |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 2 | Template:Date table sorting | East Grinstead Low Level | Template:Sfn |
Hurst Green Junction–UckfieldEdit
The Hurst Green Junction–Uckfield section is Template:Cvt in length and has eight stations in total.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Template:Rws station has three platforms, of which one is used by the Oxted line and the other two by the Spa Valley Railway. Template:Rws, Hever, Template:Rws and Template:Rws stations have two platforms each; the remaining three stations (Template:Rws, Template:Rws and Uckfield) have a single platform.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn All stations are managed by Southern<ref>Template:Unbulleted list citebundle</ref> and passenger services are operated using Class 171 diesel multiple units.<ref name=RAIL_2024/>
This part of the Oxted line is unelectrified and signalling is controlled from Oxted Signal Box. North of Hever is double track, but to the south the line has been singled, although trains may pass at Ashurst and Crowborough stations.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The maximum speed is Template:Cvt and trains typically reach Hurst Green from Uckfield in around 40 minutes.Template:Sfn The steepest gradient, 1 in 66, is at Burnt Oak Bridge, to the north of Buxted.Template:Sfn There are three tunnels on the Hurst Green Junction–Uckfield section of the line. The double-track Edenbridge Tunnel (sometimes known as Little Browns Tunnel) is Template:Cvt long and opens out in the middle to allow the Redhill–Tonbridge line to cross over on a bridge.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Efn The other two tunnels are the Template:Cvt Mark Beech Tunnel (built for double track but containing only a single track) and the Template:Cvt Crowborough Tunnel.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
| Station | Distance from London Victoria via East CroydonTemplate:Sfn |
Number of platforms |
Opening date | Original name | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 2 | Template:Date table sorting | Edenbridge | Template:Sfn |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 2 | Template:Date table sorting | Template:Sfn | |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 1 | Template:Date table sorting | Template:Sfn | |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 2 | Template:Date table sorting | Template:Sfn | |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 3 (1 for Oxted line) | Template:Date table sorting | Template:Sfn | |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 2 | Template:Date table sorting | Rotherfield | Template:Sfn |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 1 | Template:Date table sorting | Template:Sfn | |
| Template:Rws | Template:Cvt | 1 | Template:Date table sorting (relocated 13 May 1991) |
Template:Sfn |
HistoryEdit
1860sEdit
The first part of the Oxted line to be completed was the section from Eridge to Uckfield. It was built to join the existing East Grinstead–Tunbridge Wells line at Template:Rws (opened on 1 October 1866) to the Uckfield–Lewes line (opened on 11 October 1858).Template:Sfn It was proposed by the Brighton, Uckfield & Tunbridge Wells Railway and was supported by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR), which owned the other two lines. The new link not only enabled trains from east Kent to reach Template:Rws, but was also intended to block a rival scheme from the London, Chatham and Dover Railway, which would have followed a similar route.Template:Sfn
The Brighton, Uckfield & Tunbridge Wells Railway was authorised by Parliament in 1861 and construction had begun by 1863. The LB&SCR purchased the line before completion and opened the section from Groombridge to Uckfield on 3 August 1868. The railway was initially built with a single track, although the bridges and Crowborough Tunnel were engineered to allow a second to be laid at a later date. The first passing loop was installed at Crowborough in 1879Template:Sfn and doubling from Eridge to Uckfield was completed in 1894.Template:Sfn
The LB&SCR also supported the Surrey and Sussex Junction Railway (SSJR), which proposed a line linking the Brighton Main Line at South Croydon to the East Grinstead–Tunbridge Wells line at Groombridge. The new line was authorised by the Surrey and Sussex Junction Railway Act on 6 July 1865. Work began the following year, but progress was slow due to the financial panic of 1866 caused by the failure of Overend, Gurney and Company. In 1869, there was a riot at Edenbridge in opposition to the Belgian navvies who were being employed in preference to local labourers.Template:Sfn
In 1869, the LB&SCR obtained an act of Parliament to allow it to acquire the partially built SSJR line.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Construction ceased immediately and the company paid a fine of £32,250 (equivalent to £Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year) to allow it to abandon the project. By the time the works were halted, the viaduct at Woldingham had been completed and substantial progress had been made on the tunnels at Riddlesdown, Oxted and Limpsfield.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Nevertheless, the LB&SCR estimated that a further £1.5–£2 million (£Template:Inflation–£Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year) would be required to finish the line.Template:Sfn
1870s and 1880sEdit
Template:Anchor Template:Infobox UK legislation Under the London, Brighton, and South Coast Railway (Croydon, Oxted, and East Grinstead Railways) Act 1878, the northern part of the SSJR scheme was resurrected. The act authorised the construction of a double track railway from South Croydon to East Grinstead. The line was to use the partially built track bed as far south as Limpsfield Tunnel, from where it would continue to meet the Lewes and East Grinstead Railway, authorised the previous August.Template:Sfn The new line would be jointly owned and operated by the LB&SCR and South Eastern Railway (SER) between South Croydon and Crowhurst Junction, from where a spur would lead to the SER Redhill–Tonbridge line. The section south of Crowhurst Junction to East Grinstead would be solely owned by the LB&SCR.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
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Work on the new line began in 1881.Template:Sfn Under the terms of their ownership agreement, the SER was responsible for providing stations at Upper Warlingham and Oxted, while the LB&SCR built those at Lingfield and Dormans.Template:Sfn At East Grinstead, two new "low level" platforms were constructed below and at right angles to the "high level" station on the Three Bridges–Tunbridge Wells line.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn
The LB&SCR had hoped to open the South Croydon–East Grinstead line on 1 March 1884, but public services were delayed until 10 March for strengthening work on Riddlesdown Viaduct.<ref name= Phillipson_1988>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The spur at Crowhurst was opened on 1 August, allowing the SER to run trains between Oxted and Tonbridge via Template:Rws.Template:Sfn The first new station on the line was at Woldingham, which opened as "Marden Park" on 11 June 1885.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The cost of building the station was part-funded by a local landowner.Template:Sfn
Template:Anchor Template:Infobox UK legislation Template:Anchor Template:Infobox UK legislation The final part of the Oxted line to be constructed was the Hurst Green Junction–Eridge section.Template:Sfn It was proposed by the Oxted and Groombridge Railway (O&GR) company and was authorised by the Oxted and Groombridge Railway Act 1881.Template:Sfn Three years later, under the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (Various Powers) Act 1884, the LB&SCR was authorised to acquire the O&GR. Points were laid at Hurst Green Junction on 14 November 1887Template:Sfn and the new line opened on 2 January the following year.Template:Sfn As part of the works, a single track link, known as the Withyham Spur, was constructed to allow trains from Oxted to access Uckfield without a reversal at Groombridge. The link was primarily used for light locomotive and empty stock moves, and was not regularly used by passenger services until the First World War.Template:Sfn
Two railways connecting to the Oxted line were completed in the 1880s. The first was the Eridge–Template:Rws line, commonly called the Cuckoo Line, which was opened in stages between 1849 and 1880.Template:Sfn The second was the Woodside and South Croydon Joint Railway, opened on 2 January 1888. Built by the LB&SCR and SER, it ran from the Mid-Kent line at Template:Rws to a junction with the Oxted line at Template:Rws, a four-platform station serving both lines.Template:Sfn
Late 19th and early 20th centuriesEdit
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The arrival of the railway stimulated development in the Lingfield area of south-east Surrey in the late 19th century.Template:Sfn Development at Dormans Park began in 1887 and, by 1891, a hotel and around 40 high-class "bungalow residences" had been built, set in grounds that included cricket and polo fields, a golf course and a fishing lake.Template:Sfn Lingfield Park Racecourse, around Template:Cvt from Lingfield station, opened in November 1890Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and four years later, in May 1894, the station was enlarged with an additional bay platform for the use of racegoers.<ref name=Fellows_1982/>Template:Sfn<ref name= Phillipson_1988/> Sidings were added in 1898 to allow horses to be transported to the course and special trains ran on racedays until the 1970s.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
.jpg){kind=link}
Four new stations were constructed on the Oxted line in the early part of the 20th century. Hurst Green Halt and Template:Rws, both between Oxted and Edenbridge Town, were opened on 1 July 1907.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The latter was closed on 11 September 1939,Template:Sfn but significant housing development in the Oxted area ensured the survival of the former.Template:Sfn Template:Rws, which did not appear in public timetables, opened in 1914 between Sanderstead and Upper Warlingham. It had closed by 1927.Template:Sfn Riddlesdown station opened on 5 June 1927, with the intention of stimulating housebuilding in the local area. Initially timber platform shelters were provided, but were replaced by brick structures in the 1950s.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Shortly before the start of the First World War, the Withyham spur was doubled, allowing regular passenger services from Uckfield to reach London via Oxted.Template:Sfn The upgraded link also allowed troops to be transported to a new army camp that had been established at Crowborough.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Wartime economy measures affecting the line included the temporary withdrawal of passenger services on the Woodside and South Croydon line between January 1917 and March 1919.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Trains on the Oxted line were disrupted on 22 April 1918 when an aircraft crashed on the tracks between Sanderstead and Upper Warlingham,Template:Sfn and roof collapses occurred in Oxted Tunnel in both June 1917 and May 1919.Template:Sfn A programme of repair was initiated involving a partial closure of the line between 7 February and 1 December 1921.Template:Sfn
_(1980).jpg){kind=link}
The first proposals to electrify the route, using overhead lines energised to Template:1,500 V DC, were put forward by the LB&SCR in the late 1910s and early 1920s. However, as a result of the Railways Act 1921, the Oxted line became part of the Southern Railway (SR) in 1923,Template:Sfn which decided to implement the third-rail electrification system instead. The Oxted line was omitted from the schemes of the mid-1920s, which prioritised electrification work on other routes.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The first part of the Oxted line was electrified in the mid-1930s, when third rail was installed between Selsdon and Sanderstead stations for trains running via the Woodside and South Croydon line. Half-hourly electric services began operating between Template:Rws and Sanderstead via Template:Rws on 30 September 1935.Template:Sfn
Nationalisation (1948–1996)Edit
In October 1946, the SR announced that all former LB&SCR routes would be electrified by 1955,Template:Sfn but two years later, the railways were nationalised. Under the Transport Act 1947, the Oxted line became part of the Southern Region of British Railways (BR).Template:Sfn BR cancelled the SR's plans for the Oxted line, making an unfulfilled promise to electrify the route by 1964.Template:Sfn
The population of Oxted grew in the mid-1950s, with housing development south of the town centre. Work to expand and relocate Hurst Green Halt to better serve this area of development began in 1960. The replacement station, renamed simply "Hurst Green", opened on 12 June 1961.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn It was provided with 12-carriage platforms to enable East Grinstead trains to be split from or joined to those serving Uckfield, but instead these operations were carried out at Oxted.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
Diesel multiple units were introduced to the Oxted line on 18 June 1962, when the first of nineteen Class 207 units, built specifically for the route, were introduced to peak-hour services.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Steam-hauled passenger trains were withdrawn on 6 January 1964,Template:Sfn but there were too few Class 207s to run the full timetable and so locomotive-hauled trains, operated by Class 33 diesels, were also used, especially at peak times.Template:Sfn Additional capacity was introduced with the arrival of Class 205 units from 1970 onwards,Template:Sfn although locomotive-hauled passenger trains continued to run until the mid-1980s.Template:Sfn
BR began a programme of line closures in the 1950s. In mid-1955, the railway between East Grinstead and Lewes was shut, but following legal action it temporarily reopened in August the following year, before permanently closing on 17 March 1958.Template:Sfn The Beeching report, published in March 1963, proposed the closure of several routes in Sussex and Kent, including the Three Bridges–Tunbridge Wells, Eridge–Tunbridge Wells and Eridge–Polegate lines. The railway between Crowborough and Lewes via Uckfield was also to be closed and passenger services between Woodside and Selsdon were to be withdrawn.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The first to be shut was the Eridge–Template:Rws section of the Cuckoo Line on 14 June 1965,Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> followed by the Three Bridges–Ashurst Junction line on 2 January 1967.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Following local campaigns, the other routes were given a reprieve, with the exception of the Uckfield–Lewes line, which closed in May 1969.<ref name=Fellows_1982/>Template:Sfn
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Two further line closures took place in the early 1980s. The electrified line between Woodside and Selsdon closed on 13 May 1983; the track bed north of Coombe Road station would be used in the 1990s for Tramlink.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Efn The withdrawal of passenger services on the line between Eridge and Tunbridge Wells was announced in September 1982, although trains continued to operate until 6 July 1985.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Since December 1996, part of the track bed has been used for the Spa Valley Railway.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Although the Hurst Green Junction–Uckfield section of the Oxted line was not threatened with closure again, Sunday services were withdrawn in June 1981.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> From 1982, the railways in Surrey, Kent and Sussex came under the control of the London and South East sector of BR, which was rebranded to Network SouthEast in June 1986.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn As part of an initiative to provide passenger routes with individual identities, Nework SouthEast introduced the name "Oxted Line" in 1989.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
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In the early 1980s, BR reached agreement with the railway trade unions to remove asbestos from the Class 205 and Class 207 diesel multiple units that worked passenger services on the Oxted line. The cost of refurbishing the trains was estimated at £4 million (equivalent to £Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year) and BR instead decided to electrify the South Croydon–East Grinstead section, at a cost of £7 million (£Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year), and to dispose of most of the contaminated units.<ref name= Phillipson_1988/>Template:Sfn In March 1983, third-rail electrification between South Croydon and Sanderstead was commissioned and electric trains began running on this short section of the Oxted line in May of that year.Template:Sfn
The main phase of electrification, between Sanderstead and East Grinstead, was authorised in May 1985<ref name= Phillipson_1988/> and was completed in October 1987. The works included resignalling of the line south of Woldingham, transferring control to a new panel box at OxtedTemplate:Sfn and constructing new station buildings at Sanderstead, Oxted and East Grinstead.<ref name= Phillipson_1988/> Electric trains began running in public service on 5 October 1987,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the new timetable included an all-day, half-hourly service between London and East Grinstead for the first time.Template:Sfn The new electric services proved popular with the public, and passenger numbers increased by around 12% in the first year of operation.<ref name=Heaps_1989>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
In contrast, the Hurst Green Junction–Uckfield section was not electrified. After the East Grinstead electrification scheme had been completed, most trains from Uckfield terminated at Oxted and only four per day continued to London.Template:Sfn Much of the branch south of Hever was converted to single track in 1990, although the associated resignalling reduced journey times by around five minutes.<ref name=MR_2017/><ref name=SM_Feb_1989>Template:Cite news</ref> A Sunday service was reintroduced in May of that year, with an all-stations shuttle between Oxted and Crowborough every two hours.<ref name=SM_Feb_1989/> A full, hourly Sunday service, which included trains to Buxted and Uckfield, was introduced in May 1991.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In the same month, the original Uckfield station was closed and its single-platform replacement, on the east side of the High Street, was opened.Template:Sfn On 1 April 1994, the Oxted line came under the Network South Central shadow franchise in preparation for privatisation.Template:Sfn
Privatisation (1996–present)Edit
Connex was awarded a seven-year franchise to operate passenger trains on the Oxted Line as Connex South Central, starting on 12 April 1996.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Following concerns over the company's management and performance, the Shadow Strategic Rail Authority decided to re-tender the franchise in 2000. In October that year, the competition was won by Govia,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which took over the running of trains in August 2001, having bought out the final two years of Connex's contract for £30 million (equivalent to £Template:InflationM in Template:Inflation/year).Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Sfn Govia's ten-year franchise formally began in May 2003, when it introduced the "Southern" brand name. The agreement required the company to introduce an hourly service service between London Bridge and Uckfield by mid-2004, to retire the final slam-door trains and to invest £853 million (£Template:Inflation billion in Template:Inflation/year) in new rolling stock.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Class 171 units were introduced to Uckfield services in December 2003,<ref name=Staines_2003>Template:Cite magazine</ref> allowing the Class 207 and Class 205 units to be withdrawn by the end of 2004.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
In the early 2010s, interchanges between the Oxted line and two heritage railways were created. In March 2011, the Spa Valley Railway was extended from Groombridge to the disused island platform at Eridge.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A year later, in March 2012, the Bluebell Railway opened its extension to a new station at East Grinstead.<ref name=BBC_2013/> A new station building for Oxted line trains at East Grinstead was first used by the public in December 2012 and was officially opened on 8 March the following year.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Improvement works at other stations in the same decade included the lengthening of platforms between Edenbridge Town and Uckfield in preparation for the introduction of 10-coach trains.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Peak-hour Thameslink services, operated by 12-coach Class 700 units, began running to-and-from East Grinstead in May 2018.<ref name=MR_TLR/><ref name=MR_700>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Station improvements in the 2020s have included the installation of new footbridges at Eridge in 2020,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> East Grinstead in 2022<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Crowborough in 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A two-year project to repair and refurbish Oxted Viaduct was completed in July 2022.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Passenger rolling stockEdit
The first steam locomotives known to have worked on the Oxted line, 2-2-2 tender engines built by Cravens, were in use in the late 1880s. A D2 class is known to have hauled freight trains in 1888 and G class locomotives, designed by William Stroudley, worked passenger services from the mid-1890s to 1909.Template:Sfn In the first decade of the 20th century, I1 class tank engines, particularly suited to the steep gradients on the line, were introduced. Some members of the I1 class were rebuilt into the I1x class in the late 1920s and worked on the Oxted line until the start of the Second World War.Template:Sfn Trains run by the South Eastern Railway via the Crowhurst Spur, were typically hauled by E1 class 2-4-0 and F class 4-4-0 locomotives, as well as Q class tank engines.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn After the formation of the Southern Railway in 1923, passenger services were hauled by B1, D, E and E1 class locomotives.Template:Sfn
Autotrains were introduced to local stopping services in the late 1910s. These push-pull trains consisted of a tank engine coupled to a balloon trailer, a type of passenger carriage. The train would be driven from the locomotive in one direction and, in the other, from a driving position at the front of the carriage. Initially the autotrains were worked by D1 class locomotives, but these tank engines were replaced by D3, H and M7 class locomotives after the Second World War.Template:Sfn
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From the mid-1940s onwards, express services were worked by K class, N class and Merchant Navy class tender engines.Template:Sfn In the early 1950s, Fairburn 2-6-4T tank engines were introduced to the Oxted line, but were criticised by railway staff for being underpowered for the steep gradients. They were replaced in 1958 by Standard Class 3 and 4 tank engines.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
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Template:Brc diesel multiple units began working on the Oxted line on 18 June 1962, initially operating the busiest passenger services during peak hours.Template:Sfn Steam-hauled passenger trains were withdrawn on 6 January 1964,Template:Sfn but there were too few Class 207s to run the full timetable and so Class 33 locomotives were used to haul trains until 1983.<ref name= Phillipson_1988/>Template:Sfn In the 1970s, the Class 33s were supplemented by Class 47 and Class 73 locomotives,Template:Sfn as well as Class 206 "Tadpole" units, normally allocated to the North Downs Line.Template:Sfn The first Class 205 unit was trialled on the Oxted line in 1970 and two years later there were three in service on the route.Template:Sfn Further units were transferred from other lines in the mid-1970s, and nine were reconfigured to provide more first-class seating for peak commuter services.Template:Sfn
When they were built in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the Class 205 and Class 207 units were fitted with blue asbestos insulation panels. Following an agreement with the trade unions in the mid-1980s, the panels were removed from seven Class 207sTemplate:Sfn and fifteen Class 205s.Template:Sfn Units still contaminated with asbestos were scrapped and the remainder were used to operate services on the Uckfield branch, mostly as shuttles to-and-from Oxted.Template:Sfn Template:Brc units were introduced in passenger service in December 2003,<ref name=Staines_2003/>Template:Efn allowing the Class 207 units to be withdrawn in August 2004. The Class 205s continued in passenger service until November of that year.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Efn
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After the electrification of the South Croydon–East Grinstead section in 1987, services were run by Class 423 "4-VEP" and Class 421 "4-CIG" electric multiple units, supplemented with Class 416 "2-EPB" units on peak services.<ref name=Phillipson_1988/>Template:Sfn Passenger numbers increased as a result of the electrification and Class 415 "4-EPB" units, with standard class-only seating, were introduced in late 1988 to provide additional capacity at peak times.<ref name=Heaps_1989/> Following concerns over the gauge clearance in Oxted Tunnel, the Class 421s were withdrawn from the line in mid-1989 and window restrictors were fitted to the Class 423s.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Template:Brcs took over the vast majority of services on the electrified part of the Oxted line in December 2004,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and the final service operated by a Class 423 unit ran on 27 September 2005.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In May 2018, Template:Brc units began operating Thameslink services to-and-from East Grinstead at peak times.<ref name=TRUK_Sept_2018/><ref name=MR_TLR/>
Freight servicesEdit
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Goods trains began running on the Oxted line when the South Croydon–East Grinstead section opened in 1884. Facilities for handling freight were provided at Upper Warlingham (then Warlingham), Oxted and Lingfield,Template:Sfn and trains could access the lower and upper yards at East Grinstead from the outset.Template:Sfn Additional sidings were provided in the 1890s at Woldingham,Template:Sfn LingfieldTemplate:Sfn and Oxted, where a goods shed was built in 1902–03.Template:SfnTemplate:Efn Tanker train deliveries to the Anglo-American Oil Company depot at Selsdon took place between 1894 and 1993.Template:Sfn
The Oxted Greystone Lime Company was founded shortly before the opening of the South Croydon–East Grinstead section in 1884. From 1886, a standard-gauge, single-track branch ran from the Oxted line to three sidings at the base of the quarry, where lime could be transferred from the internal Template:Track gauge system.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Sfn Shipments via the railway ended around the start of the Second World War, but the standard-gauge branch was maintained until the rails were lifted in 1969.Template:Sfn The majority of the narrow-gauge system was closed in 1953, but a length of around Template:Cvt was retained until the 1970s to feed the lime kilns.Template:Sfn
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The Oxted Gas Works, opened in 1885 and closed in June 1933, were served by sidings from the Oxted line.Template:Sfn By 1920, the works were consuming around Template:Cvt of coal every year, all delivered by rail.Template:Sfn The sidings were lifted in May 1986, as part of the Sanderstead–East Grinstead electrification works.Template:Sfn
Crowhurst brickworks (also known as Lingfield brickworks) opened with the Oxted line in 1884. Coal was delivered to a purpose-built siding until the 1950s, when the brick kilns were converted to use gas.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In the 1960s, some of the claypits were used for landfill, and domestic waste was delivered to the site by rail.Template:Sfn The brickworks closed in 1980.Template:Sfn A banana ripening shed opened at Lingfield in 1958 and fruit was delivered by rail in refrigerated vans until 1971. The sidings serving the ripening facility were removed in the mid-1970s.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The withdrawal of station freight facilities began in the mid-1950s, with the yard at Hever closing in 1955.Template:Sfn The goods yard at Woldingham shut on 4 May 1959Template:Sfn and those at the south end of Mark Beech Tunnel, at Cowden and at Ashurst closed the following year.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Also in 1960, rail deliveries to a factory between Selsdon and Sanderstead ceased, although the points to the sidings were not removed until 1969.Template:Sfn Freight facilities were withdrawn at East Grinstead in 1967Template:Sfn and at Crowborough in 1968.Template:Sfn
ProposalsEdit
Electrification of the Hurst Green Junction–Uckfield section of the Oxted line, currently operated by Class 171 diesel multiple units, was identified as a priority by Network Rail in 2022.<ref name=RAIL_2024/><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The "East Sussex Rail Strategy and Action Plan", published in November 2013, favoured electrification as well as redoubling the single-line sections. It suggested that these infrastructure improvements would reduce journey times and allow a more efficient use of rolling stock, which could lead to an increase in service frequencies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Surrey Rail Strategy, published in March 2021 under the title "A new rail strategy for Surrey", was also supportive of electrification, noting that it would increase capacity and reduce carbon emissions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
An independent report, authored by Chris Gibb and published in March 2017, estimated that electrification of the line between Hurst Green Junction and Uckfield would cost £75–95 million (equivalent to £Template:Inflation–£Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year), and indicated that the existing infrastructure could support a half-hourly service without the need for redoubling.<ref name=MR_2017/> A July 2023 conference reported that the Office of Rail and Road was considering a form of third-rail electrification for the line, in which the conductor rail is switched off in stations unless a train is present.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In March 2024, Govia Thameslink Railway suggested that battery-powered trains could be suitable for the route.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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There have been several proposals to reopen the Uckfield–Lewes line, including as part of a longer-distance high-speed route dubbed "Brighton Main Line 2", intended to relieve the direct rail route between London and Sussex via Template:Rws.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Although the track bed has been protected from development since May 1980,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the rail infrastructure operators and the British government have repeatedly refused to authorise the schemes.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The report published by Chris Gibb in March 2017 indicated that there would be no business case for rebuilding the Uckfield–Lewes line unless there was strong housing growth in the area. Furthermore, Gibb suggested that works to increase the capacity of the Brighton Main Line should be prioritised ahead of the construction of a new high-speed link.<ref name=MR_2017/>
Accidents and incidentsEdit
- 1 August 1882: Two trains, one transporting navvies and the other carrying ballast, collided in Riddlesdown Tunnel while the line was still being constructed. Ten workers were seriously injured.<ref>Template:Cite newspaper The Times</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- 3 January 1909: A locomotive collided with a broken-down passenger train, which it had been sent to assist, between Crowborough and Buxted. Eight people were injured.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 5 April 1916: A passenger train derailed between Crowborough and Buxted.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Seven people were injured, including the driver and fireman.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 7 December 1948: A driver was injured in Mark Beech Tunnel when part of his locomotive's boiler failed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- 21 April 1988: A track maintenance worker was killed and a second was injured when they were hit by a train in a tunnel near Crowborough.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- 15 October 1994, Cowden rail crash: Two trains collided on the single-line section south of Cowden station after one passed a red signal. Five people were killed, including the drivers of both trains and a guard.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- 13 February 2020: A landslip near Lingfield closed the Oxted line between Hurst Green and East Grinstead for six weeks. Passenger services resumed on 30 March 2020.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
BibliographyEdit
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External linksEdit
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Template:Railway lines in London Template:Transport in Surrey Template:Railway lines in South East England