Newspaper of record

File:NYTimesBldgByLuigiNovi2.jpg

The New York Times Building in Midtown Manhattan. Some meanings of the term originated in reference to The New York Times.

A newspaper of record is a major national newspaper with large circulation whose editorial and news-gathering functions are considered authoritative and independent; they are thus "newspapers of record by reputation" and include some of the oldest and most widely respected newspapers in the world. The number and trend of "newspapers of record by reputation" is related to the state of press freedom and political freedom in a country.<ref name=EoJ/><ref name=NoR/>

It may also be a newspaper authorized to publish public or legal notices, thus serving as a newspaper of public record. A newspaper whose editorial content is directed by the state can be referred to as an official newspaper of record, but the lack of editorial independence means that it is not a "newspaper of record by reputation". Newspapers of record by reputation that focus on business can also be called newspapers of financial record.<ref name=EoJ/><ref name="NoR">Template:Cite book</ref>

Newspapers of public record

File:Le Figaro, boulevard Haussmann.JPG

lang}}, France's centre-right newspaper of record (public record and by reputation)

A "newspaper of public record", or government gazette, refers to a publicly available newspaper that is authorized by a government to publish public or legal notices.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is often established by statute or official action and publication of notices within it, whether by the government or a private party, is considered sufficient to comply with legal requirements for public notice.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Such gazettes may have minimal or no editorial content (opinion articles), and are focused on public notification of state services and state decisions; an example is Latvia's Latvijas Vēstnesis.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In some jurisdictions, privately owned newspapers may register with the government to publish public and legal notices, or be otherwise eligible to publish such notices (terms used may include "newspaper of general circulation" among others).<ref>See, for example, L.N. 362 of 1997 of The Government of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Gazette</ref><ref>For example, see Texas Local Government Code - Section 52.004. Official Newspaper Template:Webarchive</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Likewise, a private newspaper may be designated by the courts for publication of legal notices, such as notices of fictitious business names, if judicial and statutory standards are met.<ref>See, e.g., {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These are sometimes called "legally adjudicated newspapers".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Government organs

The term "newspapers of public record" can also denote those owned and operated by a government that directs their entire editorial content. Such newspapers, while pejoratively termed "state mouthpieces", can also be called "official newspapers of record", independently of whether they publish legal notices - distinguishing them from a gazette whose primary role is to publish notices, as their entire content represents the official view and doctrine of the state. This kind of official newspaper is distinct from newspapers of record by reputation, and is liable to fail the reputation criterion due to its governmental control. The word "official" can be used to distinguish them from "newspapers of record by reputation". Examples include Russia's Rossiyskaya Gazeta,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> North Korea's Rodong Sinmun,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and China's People's Daily.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Newspapers of record by reputation

File:NZZ Erstausgabe Titelseite.jpg

First edition of Neue Zürcher Zeitung (1780), the world's oldest newspaper of record by reputation

The second type of "newspaper of record" (also "journal of record", or in French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is not defined by formal criteria, and its characteristics vary. The category comprises newspapers that are considered to meet high standards of journalism, including editorial independence (particularly from the government and from its owners), accountability (mistakes are acknowledged), attention to detail and accuracy, and comprehensiveness and balance of coverage;<ref name="caulfield1"/> they are regarded internationally (as well as in their own country/region) by major global outlets.<ref name="Salles">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Martin">Template:Cite book</ref>

Despite changes in society, newspapers of record by reputation have historically tended to maintain a similar tone, coverage, style, and traditions; many are over a century old and some over two centuries old (e.g., Neue Zürcher Zeitung, The Times, The Guardian, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and The Sydney Morning Herald).<ref name="Salles"/> Newspapers of record by reputation can be respected for the accuracy and quality of their reporting and still be either ideologically conservative (e.g., The Wall Street Journal and The Telegraph) or ideologically liberal (e.g., The Washington Post and The Guardian).<ref name="FrostWeingarten20172"/>

Although many countries are proud of their newspapers of record by reputation, in some countries they face an openly hostile state or political system that tries to suppress their press freedoms. Examples are Turkey's Cumhuriyet, where many of the staff have been imprisoned;<ref name=Tur/> Panama's La Prensa, where staff have been shot and the owners forced into exile;<ref name=Pan/> and Venezuela's El Nacional,<ref name=EIMC/> which was forced out of print when the state seized its assets (see examples of fallen newspapers of record).<ref name=EN/>

Etymology

The term is believed to have originated among librarians who began referring to The New York Times as the "newspaper of record" when it became the first U.S. newspaper in 1913 to publish an index of the subjects it covered.<ref name="FrostWeingarten20172"/><ref name="Martin 1998 7">Template:Cite book</ref> In recognition of that usage, The New York Times held an essay contest in 1927 in which entrants had to demonstrate "The Value of The New York Times Index and Files as a Newspaper of Record". The New York Times, and other newspapers of its type sought to chronicle events, acting as a record of the day's announcements, schedules, directories, proceedings, transcripts, and appointments. By 2004, The New York Times no longer considered itself a newspaper of record in the original, literal sense.<ref name=Okrent>Template:Cite news</ref>

Over time, historians relied on The New York Times and similar titles as a reliable archival and historical record of significant past events, and a gauge of societal opinions at the time of printing. The term "newspaper of record" evolved from its original literal sense to that newer meaning.<ref name="Martin 1998 7"/>

The derived term "financial (or business) newspaper of record" is attributed to The Wall Street Journal,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the Financial Times,<ref name="Brooks">Template:Cite book</ref> and to the Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Nikkei).<ref name=NKS/> While newspapers of record by reputation are typically major widely-read national (and international) publications, subject-specific newspapers of record also exist (see examples of subject-specific newspapers of record).

Examples of existing newspapers

Country	Region	Logo	Name	City of publication	Founded	Language	Template:Abbr
Template:Flagicon Argentina	South America	Template:Sort	La Nación	Buenos Aires	1870	Spanish	<ref name="EIMC" /><ref>Template:Cite interview</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Australia	Oceania	Template:Sort	The Age	Melbourne	1854	English	<ref name="caulfield1" /><ref name="FrostWeingarten20172" />
		Template:Sort	The Sydney Morning Herald	Sydney	1831		<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="caulfield1" /><ref name="FrostWeingarten20172" />
Template:Flagicon Austria	West Europe	Template:Sort	Die Presse	Vienna	1848Template:Efn	German	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
		Template:Sort	Der Standard		1988		<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Bahamas	North America	Template:Sort	The Nassau Guardian	Nassau	1844	English	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Bangladesh	South Asia	Template:Sort	The Daily Star	Dhaka	1991	English	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Belgium	West Europe	Template:Sort	Le Soir	Brussels	1887	French	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
		Template:Sort	De Standaard	Groot-Bijgaarden	1918	Dutch	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Bolivia	South America	Template:Sort	El Diario	La Paz	1904	Spanish	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Brazil	South America	Template:Sort	O Estado de S. Paulo	São Paulo	1875	Portuguese	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
		Template:Sort	Folha de S.Paulo		1921		<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
		Template:Sort	O Globo	Rio de Janeiro	1925		<ref name="EIMC" />
Template:Flagicon Canada	North America	Template:Sort	Le Devoir	Montreal	1910	French	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
		Template:Sort	La Presse		1884		<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
		Template:Sort	The Globe and Mail	Toronto	1844Template:Efn	English	<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="FrostWeingarten20172" />
Template:Flagicon Chile	South America	Template:Sort	El Mercurio	Santiago	1900Template:Efn	Spanish	<ref name="EIMC" /><ref name="WIP">Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Colombia	South America	Template:Sort	El Tiempo	Bogotá	1911	Spanish	<ref name="EIMC" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
		Template:Sort	El Espectador	Bogotá	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Spanish	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flagicon Costa Rica	Central America	Template:Sort	La Nación	San José	1946	Spanish	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Czech Republic	West Europe	Template:Sort	Lidové noviny	Prague	1893	Czech	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Denmark	North Europe	Template:Sort	Berlingske	Copenhagen	1749Template:Efn	Danish	<ref name=UCLA/><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagicon Dominican Republic	North America	Template:Sort	Listín Diario	Santo Domingo	1889	Spanish	<ref>Template:Harvnb: "The dean of Dominican newspapers is Listín Diario, founded in 1889 and still the most-read newspaper in the country, with a reported circulation of 88,000."</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Ecuador	South America	Template:Sort	El Comercio	Quito	1921	Spanish	<ref name="EIMC"/><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name=Buckman2007-p222>Template:Harvnb: "Some elite dailies are over a century old and have established global reputations for journalistic excellence. Some of the more venerable are La Prensa (1869) and La Nación (1870) of Buenos Aires, Argentina; O Estado de São Paulo (1875) of São Paulo, Brazil; Jornal do Brasil (1891) and O Globo (1925) of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Listín Diario (1889) of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; El Mercurio (1900) of Santiago, Chile; El Comercio (1839) of Lima, Peru; El Universal (1916) and Excélsior (1936) of Mexico City; El Tiempo (1911) of Bogotá, Colombia; El Universal (1909) and El Nacional (1943) of Caracas, Venezuela; El Telégrafo (1884) of Guayaquil and El Comercio (1921) of Quito, Ecuador; El Diario (1904) of La Paz, Bolivia; and La Prensa Libre (1889) and La Nación (1946) of San José, Costa Rica."</ref>
Template:Flagicon Egypt	North Africa	Template:Sort	Al-Ahram	Cairo	1875	Arabic	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
		Template:Sort	Al-Masry Al-Youm		2004		<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Finland	North Europe	Template:Sort	Helsingin Sanomat	Helsinki	1889	Finnish	<ref name=UCLA/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon France	West Europe	Template:Sort	lang}}	Paris	1826Template:Efn	French	<ref name="Ballarini">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>"Le Monde, whose print edition comes out around lunchtime, was launched at the end of Nazi occupation of France in 1944 and took on the role of France's newspaper of record alongside the more conservative Le Figaro." - France's Le Monde newspaper editor quits after power struggle with staff Template:Webarchive, Reuters, 14 May 2014</ref><ref name="McMaster" />
		Template:Sort	Libération		1973		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Template:Sort	Le Monde		1944Template:Efn		<ref name="Ballarini"/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="McMaster" />
Template:Flagicon Germany	West Europe	Template:Sort	Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung	Frankfurt	1949Template:Efn	German	<ref name="Zerofsky"111117">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name="WIP" />
		Template:Sort	Der Spiegel	Hamburg	1947		<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Template:Sort	Süddeutsche Zeitung	Munich	1945		<ref name="Zerofsky"111117"/><ref name="Pfanner2011">Template:Cite news</ref>
		Template:Sort	Die Welt	Berlin	1946		<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
		Template:Sort	Die Zeit	Hamburg	1946		<ref name="Pfanner2011"/><ref name="McMaster" />
Template:Flagicon Greece	South Europe	Template:Sort	Kathimerini	Athens	1919	Greek	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Template:Flagicon Guatemala	North America	Template:Sort	Prensa Libre	Guatemala City	1951	Spanish	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Haiti	North America	Template:Sort	Le Nouvelliste	Port-au-Prince	1898	French	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Flagicon Hong Kong	East Asia	Template:Sort	South China Morning Post	Hong Kong	1903	English	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Iceland	North Europe	Template:Sort	Morgunblaðið	Reykjavík	1913	Icelandic	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon India	South Asia	Template:Sort	The Hindu	Chennai	1878	English	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
		Template:Sort	The Times of India	Mumbai	1838Template:Efn		<ref name="FrostWeingarten20172" /><ref name="BartonWeller2014">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="caulfield1">Template:Citation</ref>
Template:Flagicon Indonesia	Southeast Asia	Template:Sort	Kompas	Jakarta	1965	Indonesian	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagicon Iran	West Asia	Template:Sort	Ettela'at	Tehran	1926	Persian	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Ireland	North Europe	Template:Sort	The Irish Times	Dublin	1859	English	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="caulfield1" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flagicon Israel	West Asia	Template:Sort	Haaretz	Tel Aviv	1919	Hebrew and English	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="FrostWeingarten20172" />
Template:Flagicon Italy	South Europe	File:Il Sole 24 Ore.svg	Il Sole 24 Ore	Milan	1965	Italian	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
		Template:Sort	Corriere della Sera	Milan	1876		<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Thurman">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="McMaster" />
		Template:Sort	La Stampa	Turin	1867		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="McMaster" />
		Template:Sort	la Repubblica	Rome	1976		<ref name="Thurman" />
		Template:Sort	Il Messaggero	Rome	1878		<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flagicon Jamaica	North America	Template:Sort	The Gleaner	Kingston	1834	English	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Japan	East Asia	Template:Sort	The Asahi Shimbun	Osaka	1879	Japanese and English	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
		Template:Sort	Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Nikkei)	Tokyo	1876		<ref name="NKS">Template:Cite book</ref>
		Template:Sort	Yomiuri Shimbun		1874		<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
		Template:Sort	Mainichi Shimbun		1872		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagicon Kenya	East Africa	Template:Sort	Daily Nation	Nairobi	1960Template:Efn	English	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Flagicon Lebanon	West Asia	Template:Sort	An-Nahar	Beirut	1933	Arabic	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Flagicon Malaysia	Southeast Asia	Template:Sort	New Straits TimesTemplate:Efn	Kuala Lumpur	1965Template:Efn	English	<ref name="Sterling" /><ref name="HDS">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flagicon Mexico	North America	Template:Sort	Excélsior	Mexico City	1917	Spanish	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
		Template:Sort	Reforma		1993		<ref name="EIMC" />
Template:Flagicon Netherlands	West Europe	Template:Sort	NRC	Amsterdam	1970Template:Efn	Dutch	<ref>Template:Cite newsTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
Template:Flagicon New Zealand	Oceania	Template:Sort	The New Zealand Herald	Auckland	1863	English	<ref name="caulfield1" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Nigeria	West Africa	Template:Sort	The Guardian	Lagos	1983	English	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon North Korea	East Asia	Template:Sort	Rodong Sinmun	Pyongyang	1945	Korean	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Flagicon Norway	North Europe	Template:Sort	Aftenposten	Oslo	1860	Norwegian (Riksmål)	<ref name=UCLA/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Flagicon Pakistan	South Asia	Template:Sort	Dawn	Karachi	1941	English	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
	South Asia	File:Daily Jang logo (2024).png	Jang	Karachi	1939	Urdu	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flagicon Panama	North America	Template:Sort	La Prensa	Panama City	1980	Spanish	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Pan">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Flagicon Paraguay	South America	Template:Sort	ABC Color	Asunción	1967	Spanish	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Peru	South America	Template:Sort	lang}}	Lima	1839	Spanish	<ref name="EIMC">Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Philippines	Southeast Asia	Template:Sort	Philippine Daily Inquirer	Makati	1985	English	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagicon Poland	East Europe	Template:Sort	Gazeta Wyborcza	Warsaw	1989	Polish	<ref name="PL1" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
		Template:Sort	Rzeczpospolita		1920Template:Efn		<ref name="PL1">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Portugal	South Europe	Template:Sort	Diário de Notícias	Lisbon	1864	Portuguese	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
		Template:Sort	Público	Lisbon	1990		<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Republic of the Congo	Central Africa		La Semaine Africaine	Brazzaville	1952	French	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Romania	Central Europe	Template:Sort	Adevărul	Bucharest	1871	Romanian	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Flagicon Serbia	South Europe	Template:Sort	Politika	Belgrade	1904	Serbian	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
		Template:Sort	Danas	Belgrade	1997		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagicon Singapore	Southeast Asia	Template:Sort	The Straits TimesTemplate:Efn	Singapore	1845	English	<ref name="Sterling">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="HDS" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Flagicon South Africa	South Africa	Template:Sort	Mail & Guardian	Johannesburg	1985	English	<ref name="Sterling2">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Flagicon South Korea	East Asia	Template:Sort	The Chosun Ilbo	Seoul	1920	Korean	<ref name="CMC">Template:Cite book</ref>
		Template:Sort	The Dong-A Ilbo		1920		<ref name="CMC" />
		Template:Sort	JoongAng Ilbo		1965		<ref name="CMC" />
Template:Flagicon Spain	South Europe	Template:Sort	La Vanguardia	Barcelona	1881	Spanish	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
		Template:Sort	El Mundo	Madrid	1989		<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="McMaster" />
		Template:Sort	El País		1976		<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="McMaster" />
Template:Flagicon Sweden	North Europe	Template:Sort	Dagens Nyheter	Stockholm	1864	Swedish	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flagicon Switzerland	West Europe	Template:Sort	Neue Zürcher Zeitung	Zurich	1780	German	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name="CMM">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="McMaster" />
		Template:Sort	Le Temps	Geneva	1998Template:Efn	French	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="CMM" /><ref>The Quality of the Media, Template:Webarchive, main findings, Research Department on Public Opinion and Society (FÖG) of the University of Zurich, 2012.</ref>
Template:Flagicon Thailand	Southeast Asia	Template:Sort	Bangkok Post	Bangkok	1946	English	<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>
Template:Flagicon Trinidad and Tobago	North America	Template:Sort	Trinidad and Tobago Guardian	Port of Spain	1917	English	<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Flagicon Turkey	West Asia	Template:Sort	Cumhuriyet	Istanbul	1924	Turkish	<ref name="Tur">Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flagicon United Kingdom	North Europe	Template:Sort	The Daily Telegraph	London	1855	English	<ref name="caulfield1" /><ref name="UK">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="FrostWeingarten20172" />
		Template:Sort	Financial Times		1888		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
		Template:Sort	The Guardian		1821Template:Efn		<ref name="FrostWeingarten20172">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="McMaster" /><ref name="BartonWeller2014" />
		Template:Sort	The Times		1785Template:Efn		<ref name="UK" /><ref name="caulfield1" /><ref name="FrostWeingarten20172" />
Template:Flagicon United States	North America	Template:Sort	Los Angeles Times	Los Angeles	1881	English	<ref name="caulfield1" /><ref name="FrostWeingarten20172" />
		Template:Sort	The New York Times	New York City	1851		<ref name="caulfield1" /><ref name="FrostWeingarten20172" /><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref><ref name="Sterling3">Template:Cite book</ref>
		Template:Sort	The Wall Street Journal		1889		<ref name="caulfield1" /><ref name="FrostWeingarten20172" /><ref name="McMaster" /><ref name="Politico" />
		Template:Sort	The Washington Post	Washington, D.C.	1877		citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Template:Flagicon Vatican City	South Europe	Template:Sort	L'Osservatore Romano	Rome	1861	Italian, English, French, Spanish, German, Polish, and Portuguese	<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Examples of fallen newspapers

File:El Nacional building.jpg

The former headquarters of El Nacional, Venezuela's long-standing newspaper of record,<ref name=EIMC/> which was seized by the state in 2018 and forced out of newsprint production<ref name=EN/>

Over time, some established newspapers of record by reputation have lost their status due to financial collapse, take-over or merger by another entity that did not have the same standards or allowed increased government control and suppression of the paper's editorial independence. The existence of newspapers of record by reputation is an aspect of the level of press freedom and political freedom in a country, with major first-world democracies having several such newspapers (e.g. United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Italy and Japan); in contrast, countries that have seen a decline in their newspapers of record by reputation can represent a decline in levels of personal and political freedom (e.g. Zimbabwe, Venezuela, and Cambodia).<ref name="EoJ">Template:Cite book</ref>

Examples include:

• Zimbabwe's The Herald, lost its status as an established newspaper of record when it was eventually taken over by Robert Mugabe's Zanu-PF party.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
• Venezuela's newspaper of record, El Nacional,<ref name=EIMC/> was forced out of print by the state in 2018, and its headquarters was given to a high-ranking official.<ref name=EN>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• London-based pan-Arab newspaper of record, Al-Hayat, ceased in 2020 due to financial and political pressures.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

• In Cambodia, the Hun Sen administration forced both of Cambodia's newspapers of record out of business using contrived tax fines that resulted in the closure of The Cambodia Daily in 2017,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and the sale of The Phnom Penh Post to a close ally of the Hun Sen administration in 2018.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

• Latvian newspaper Diena saw its established status as a newspaper of record diminish after a 2010 takeover, with the Historical Dictionary of Latvia (2017) listing it as "holding tenuously to a popular newspaper-of-record sentiment at home and abroad" due to "questions of ownership and if said owners influence newspaper content".<ref name="HDL">Template:Cite book</ref>
• Népszabadság, Hungary's de facto newspaper of record, ceased publication in 2016 due to political and financial pressure.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

See also

• Freedom of the press
• Grupo de Diarios América
• List of national newspapers
• List of government gazettes
• Weekly newspaper

References

Works cited

• Template:Cite book