Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox anatomy In female human anatomy, Skene's glands or the Skene glands (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell, also known as the lesser vestibular glands or paraurethral glands<ref>Template:DorlandsDict</ref>) are two glands located towards the lower end of the urethra. The glands are surrounded by tissue that swells with blood during sexual arousal, and secrete a fluid, carried by the Skene's ducts to openings near the urethral meatus, particularly during orgasm.
Structure and functionEdit
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The Skene's glands' openings are located in the vestibule of the vulva, around the lower end of the urethra.<ref name="rodriguez">Template:Cite journal</ref> The two Skene's ducts lead from the Skene's glands to the vulvar vestibule, to the left and right of the urethral opening, from which they are structurally capable of secreting fluid.<ref name=rodriguez/><ref name="pastor">Template:Cite journal</ref> Although there remains debate about the function of the Skene's glands, one purpose is to secrete a fluid that helps lubricate the urethral opening.<ref name=rodriguez/><ref name=pastor/>
Skene's glands produce a milk-like ultrafiltrate of blood plasma. The glands may be the source of female ejaculation,<ref name=pastor/><ref name="Greenberg"/><ref name="Bullough">Template:Cite book</ref> but this has not been proven.<ref name="Greenberg">Template:Cite book</ref> Because they and the male prostate act similarly by secreting prostate-specific antigen (PSA), which is an ejaculate protein produced in males, and prostatic acid phosphatase, some authors refer to the Skene's glands as the "female prostate".<ref name=pastor/><ref name="Bullough"/><ref>Diane Tomalty, Olivia Giovannetti et al.: Should We Call It a Prostate? A Review of the Female Periurethral Glandular Tissue Morphology, Histochemistry, Nomenclature, and Role in Iatrogenic Sexual Dysfunction. In: Sexual Medicine Reviews. Volume 10, Issue 2, April 2022, page 183–194.</ref> They are homologous to the male prostate (developed from the same embryological tissues),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but the homology is still a matter of research.<ref name="pmid28400434">Template:Cite journal </ref> Female ejaculate may result from sexual activity for some women, especially during orgasm.<ref name=pastor/><ref name="Greenberg"/> In addition to PSA and acid phosphatase, Skene's gland fluid contains high concentrations of glucose and fructose.<ref name=pastor/>
In an amount of a few milliliters, fluid is secreted from these glands when stimulated from inside the vagina.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="heath">Template:Cite journal</ref> Female ejaculation and squirting (secretion of large amounts of fluid) are believed by researchers to be two different processes. They may occur in combination during orgasm. Squirting alone is a sudden expulsion of liquid that at least partly comes from the bladder and contains urine, whereas ejaculation fluid includes a whitish transparent ejaculate that appears to come from the Skene's gland.<ref name=pastor/><ref name="Salama">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Clinical significanceEdit
Disorders of the Skene's glands may include:
- Infection (called skenitis, urethral syndrome, or female prostatitis)<ref name="pmid8686301">Template:Cite journal </ref>
- Skene's duct cyst: lined by stratified squamous epithelium, the cyst is caused by obstruction of the Skene's glands. It is located lateral to the urinary meatus. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used for diagnosis.<ref name="pmid26209954">Template:Cite journal</ref> The cyst is treated by surgical excision or marsupialization.
- Trichomoniasis: the Skene's glands (along with other structures) act as a reservoir for Trichomonas vaginalis, which explains why topical treatments are not as effective as oral medication for this condition.<ref name="pmid26242185">Template:Cite journal </ref>
HistoryEdit
While the glands were first described in 1672 by Reinier de Graaf and by the French surgeon Alphonse Guérin (1816–1895),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> they were named after the Scottish gynaecologist Alexander Skene, who wrote about it in Western medical literature in 1880.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:WhoNamedIt</ref><ref>Template:WhoNamedIt</ref> In 2002,<ref name="Hornstein 2013 p.">Template:Cite book</ref> the term female prostate as a second term after paraurethral gland was added in Terminologia Histologica by the Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology. The 2008 edition notes that the term was introduced "because of the morphological and immunological significance of the structure".<ref name="FICAT">Template:Cite book</ref>
Other animalsEdit
Horses, dogs, sheep, and pigs are examples of other mammals that have these glands (minor vestibular glands).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Bartholin's gland
- List of related male and female reproductive organs
- Mesonephric duct
- Pudendal nerve
- Vaginal lubrication