Peanut butter
Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:Pp-semi-indef Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox food
Peanut butter is a food paste or spread made from ground, dry-roasted peanuts. It commonly contains additional ingredients that modify the taste or texture, such as salt, sweeteners, or emulsifiers. Consumed in many countries, it is the most commonly used of the nut butters, a group that also includes cashew butter and almond butter.
Peanut butter is a nutrient-rich food containing high levels of protein, several vitamins, and dietary minerals. It is typically served as a spread on bread, toast, or crackers and used to make sandwiches (notably the peanut butter and jelly sandwich). It is also used in a number of breakfast dishes and desserts, such as granola, smoothies, crepes, cookies, brownies, or croissants.
HistoryEdit
The earliest references to peanut butter can be traced to Aztec and Inca civilizations, who ground roasted peanuts into a paste.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Bainbridge Post-Searchlight reports that 16th-century Aztecs used peanut paste for aching gums.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
However, several people can be credited with the invention of modern peanut butter and the processes involved in making it. The U.S. National Peanut Board credits three modern inventors with the earliest patents related to the production of modern peanut butter.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Marcellus Gilmore Edson of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, obtained the first patent for a method of producing peanut butter from roasted peanuts using heated surfaces in 1884.<ref name="edson">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Edson's cooled product had "a consistency like that of butter, lard, or ointment" according to his patent application which described a process of milling roasted peanuts until the peanuts reached "a fluid or semi-fluid state". He mixed sugar into the paste to harden its consistency.<ref name="edson" />
A businessman from St. Louis named George Bayle produced and sold peanut butter in the form of a snack food in 1894.<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> By 1917, American consumers used peanut products during periods of meat rationing, with government promotions of "meatless Mondays" when peanut butter was a favored choice.<ref name=wheeling/>
John Harvey Kellogg, known for his line of prepared breakfast cereals, was an advocate of using plant foods as a healthier dietary choice than meat.<ref name="wheeling">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was issued a patent for a "Process of Producing Alimentary Products" on May 24, 1898, and used peanuts, although he boiled the peanuts rather than roasting them.<ref name=wheeling/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kellogg's Western Health Reform Institute served peanut butter to patients because they needed a food that contained a large amount of protein that could be eaten without chewing.<ref name="auto"/><ref name=wheeling/> At first, peanut butter was a food for wealthy people, as it became popular initially as a product served at expensive health care institutes.<ref name="auto"/><ref name=wheeling/>
Although often credited with its invention, George Washington Carver did not invent peanut butter.<ref name="NPB">Template:Citation</ref> By the time Carver published his document about peanuts, entitled "How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it For Human Consumption" in 1916,<ref>"George Washington Carver" Template:Webarchive, National Peanut Board.</ref> many methods of preparation of peanut butter had already been developed or patented by various pharmacists, doctors, and food scientists working in the US and Canada.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>
Early peanut-butter-making machines were developed by Joseph Lambert, who had worked at Kellogg's Battle Creek Sanitarium,<ref name="wheeling"/> and Dr. Ambrose Straub who obtained a patent for a peanut-butter-making machine in 1903.<ref name="hp">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1922, chemist Joseph L. Rosefield invented a process for making smooth peanut butter that kept the oil from separating by using partially hydrogenated oil; Rosefield licensed his invention to the company that created Peter Pan peanut butter in 1928. In 1932 he began producing his own peanut butter under the name Skippy.<ref name=hp/> Under the Skippy brand, Rosefield developed a new method of churning creamy peanut butter, giving it a smoother consistency. He also mixed fragments of peanuts into peanut butter, creating the first "chunky"-style peanut butter.<ref name="auto"/> In 1955, Procter & Gamble launched a peanut butter named Jif, which was sweeter than other brands due to the use of sugar and molasses in its recipe.<ref name="auto"/>
In South Africa, the first peanut butter was produced in 1926 by Alderton Limited in Potgietersrus (now Mokopane),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The product proved so popular that Tiger Brands (then Tiger Oats Company) took over the manufacture under the brand name Black Cat, which it still produces.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A related dish named {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Gloss in Sranan Tongo) existed in Suriname by 1783. This was more solid than modern peanut butter and could be cut and served in slices like cheese. {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, a soup-like peanut-based dish, also existed in Suriname around that time.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Peanut butter is referred to as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Template:Gloss) in Dutch for this reason, as Suriname was a Dutch colony at that time.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> When peanut butter was brought onto the market in the Netherlands in 1948, it was not allowed to do so under the name peanut butter. The word butter was specifically reserved for real butter, to avoid confusion with margarine.
NameEdit
Similar to nut milks, nut butters and peanut butter are related to an equivalent dairy product that people are familiar with. Butter is a dairy product usually made from cow's milk and processed into a solid that can be spread on food. Although peanut butter is not solid at normal room temperatures, it is thick and spreadable.
A slang term for peanut butter in World War II was monkey butter.<ref name="isbn1-55972-285-1">Template:Cite book</ref>
TypesEdit
Among the types of peanut butter are
- conventional peanut butter, which consists of up to 10% salt, sugars, and hydrogenated vegetable oil<ref name="foodandwine.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- crunchy or chunky peanut butter, which includes coarsely-ground peanut fragments to give extra texture<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- smooth peanut butter, in which the peanuts are ground uniformly, possibly with the addition of corn syrup and vegetable oil, to create a thick, creamy texture like butter<ref name="psu">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- natural peanut butter, which normally contains only peanuts and salt and is sold without emulsifiers that bind the peanut oils with the peanut paste, and so requires stirring to recombine the ingredients before consumption<ref name="foodandwine.com"/>
- organic and artisanal peanut butter, whose markets are small;<ref name="auto"/><ref name="wright">Template:Cite book</ref> artisanal peanut butter is usually preservative-free, additive-free, and handmade in a cottage industry-style setup used first around 1970.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Production processEdit
Planting and harvestingEdit
Due to weather conditions, peanuts are usually planted in spring. The peanut comes from a yellow flower that bends over and penetrates the soil after blooming and wilting, and the peanut starts to grow in the soil. Peanuts are harvested from late August to October, while the weather is clear.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This weather allows for dry soil so that when picked, the soil does not stick to the stems and pods. The peanuts are then removed from vines and transported to a peanut shelling machine for mechanical drying. After cropping, the peanuts are delivered to warehouses for cleaning, where they are stored unshelled in silos.<ref name=":1"/>
ShellingEdit
Shelling must be conducted carefully lest the seeds be damaged during the shell removal. The moisture of the unshelled peanuts is controlled to avoid excessive frangibility of the shells and kernels, reducing the dust in the plant.<ref name=":1"/> Afterwards, the peanuts are sent to a series of rollers set specifically for the batch of peanuts, where they are cracked. After cracking, the peanuts go through a screening process where they are inspected for contaminants.<ref name=":1" />
RoastingEdit
The dry roasting process employs either the batch or continuous method. In the batch method, peanuts are heated in large quantities in a revolving oven at about Template:Convert.<ref name=ap42>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Next, the peanuts in each batch are uniformly held and roasted in the oven at Template:Convert for about 40 to 60 minutes.<ref name=":1" /> This method is good to use when the peanuts differ in moisture content. A hot air roaster is employed in the continuous method. The peanuts pass through the roaster while being rocked to permit even roasting. A photometer indicates the completion of dry roasting.<ref name=":2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Large manufacturers favor this method since it can lower the rate of spoilage and requires less labor.<ref name=":1"/>
CoolingEdit
After dry roasting, peanuts are removed from the oven as quickly as possible and directly placed in a blower-cooler cylinder.<ref name=":1"/> There are suction fans in the metal cylinder that can pull a large volume of air through,<ref name=":2" /> so the peanuts can be cooled more efficiently. The peanuts will not be dried out because cooling retains some oil and moisture.<ref name=":2" /> The cooling process is completed when the temperature in the cylinder reaches Template:Convert.<ref name=":1"/>
BlanchingEdit
After the kernels have been cooled down, the peanuts will undergo either heat blanching or water blanching to remove the remaining seed coats. Compared to heat blanching, water blanching is a new process. Water blanching first appeared in 1949.<ref name=":1" />
Heat blanchingEdit
Peanuts are heated by hot air at Template:Convert for not more than 20 minutes in order to soften and split the skins. After that, the peanuts are exposed to continuous steam in a blanching machine. The skins are then removed using either bristles or soft rubber belts. After that, these skins are separated and blown into waste bags. Meanwhile, the hearts of peanuts are segregated through inspection.<ref name=":1"/>
Water blanchingEdit
After the kernels are arranged in troughs, the skin of the kernel is cracked on opposite sides by rolling it through sharp, stationary blades. While the skins are removed, the kernels are brought through a one-minute hot water bath and placed on a swinging pad with canvas on top. The swinging action of the pad rubs off the skins. Afterward, the blanched kernels are dried for at least six hours by hot air at Template:Convert.<ref name=":1" />
After blanching, the peanuts are screened and inspected to eliminate the burnt and rotten peanuts. A blower is also used to remove light peanuts and discolored peanuts are removed using a color sorting machine.<ref name=":1" />
GrindingEdit
After blanching the peanuts are sent to grinding to be manufactured into peanut butter. The peanuts are then sent through two sizes of grinders. The first grinder produces a medium grind, and the second produces a fine grind.<ref name=":1"/> At this point, salt, sugar, and vegetable oil stabilizer may be added to the fine grind; this adds flavor and allows the peanut butter to stay as a homogeneous mixture.<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Chopped peanuts may also be added at this stage to produce "chunky" peanut butter.<ref name=":1"/>
PackagingEdit
Before packaging, the peanut butter must be cooled to be sealed in jars.<ref name=":1" /> The mixture is pumped into a heat exchanger in order to cool it to about Template:Convert.<ref name=":3" /> The jars are then labeled and set aside until crystallization occurs. The peanut butter jars are then packaged into cartons and distributed to retailers, where they are stored at room temperature and sold to consumers.<ref name=":1"/>
A 2012 article stated that China and India are the first and second-largest producers of peanuts. The United States is the third-largest producer of peanuts. Georgia and Texas are the two major peanut-producing states, and more than half of the American peanut crop is used to make peanut butter.<ref name="hp" />
ConsumptionEdit
The United States is a leading exporter of peanut butter and one of the largest consumers of peanut butter annually per capita.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> January 24 is National Peanut Butter Day in the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, retail sales of peanut butter in the United States increased by 75% over the level in March 2019.<ref name="watson">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
According to Jon Krampner's 2013 book on peanut butter, per capita consumption of peanut butter in Canada and the Netherlands Template:Ndash the largest consumer per capita in Europe Template:Ndash exceeds that of the United States.<ref name="krampner">Template:Cite book</ref>
In Israel, the peanut-butter-flavored puffcorn snack Bamba accounts for 25% of the snack market;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> its consumption by infants has been linked to a low incidence of peanut allergies among Israelis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
HealthEdit
Nutritional profileEdit
In a 100 gram amount, smooth peanut butter supplies 597 calories and is composed of 51% fat, 22% protein, 22% carbohydrates (including 5% dietary fiber), and 1% water (table). Both crunchy and smooth peanut butter are sources of saturated and monounsaturated fats (mainly oleic acid) as 25% of total serving amount, and polyunsaturated fat (12% of total), primarily as linoleic acid).<ref name="fdc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Peanut butter is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of dietary fiber, vitamin E, pantothenic acid, folate, niacin, and vitamin B6 (table, USDA FoodData Central). Also high in content are the dietary minerals manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, and sodium (added as salt during manufacturing). Peanut butter is a moderate source (10–19% DV) of thiamin, riboflavin, iron, and potassium (table).
Peanut allergyEdit
For people with a peanut allergy, peanut butter can cause a variety of possible allergic reactions, including life-threatening anaphylaxis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This potential effect has led to banning peanut butter, among other common foods, in some schools.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Symptoms include:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Shortness of breath
- Wheezing
- Tightening of the throat
- Itching
- Skin reactions such as hives and swelling
- Digestive problems
UsesEdit
As an ingredientEdit
Peanut butter's flavor combines well with other flavors, such as oatmeal, cheese, cured meats, savory sauces, and various breads and crackers. The creamy or crunchy, fatty, salty taste pairs very well with complementary soft and sweet ingredients like fruit preserves, bananas, apples, and honey. The taste can also be enhanced by similarly salty things like bacon.
One snack for children is called "ants on a log", with a celery stick acting as the "log". The groove in the celery stick is filled with peanut butter and raisins arranged in a row along the top are "ants".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Plumpy'nut is a peanut butter-based food used to fight malnutrition in famine-stricken countries. A single pack contains 500 calories, can be stored unrefrigerated for two years, and requires no cooking or preparation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
- Stacked peanut butter chocolate chip cookies detail, November 2009.jpg
Peanut butter cookies, a popular type of cookie made from peanut butter and other ingredients
- Buckeyes Peanut Butter Balls(cropped).jpg
Buckeyes, a type of peanut-butter-based confectionery product
As animal foodEdit
Peanut butter inside a hollow chew toy is a method to occupy a dog with a flavored treat.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> A common outdoor bird feeder is a coating of peanut butter on a pine cone with an overlying layer of bird seed.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Physical propertiesEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Peanut butter is a viscoelastic food that exhibits both solid and fluid behaviors. It consists of ground-up peanuts and may contain additional additives, such as stabilizers, sugars, or salt. Its characteristic soft, spreadable texture can be further defined through rheology Template:Ndash the study of flow and deformation of matter, affecting texture, consistency, and mouthfeel. Specifically for peanut butter, rheology can be used to define characteristics, such as spreadability and grittiness more accurately.
See alsoEdit
- List of peanut dishes – includes dishes that use peanut butter as a main ingredient
- List of spreads
- Ruth Desmond, "Peanut Butter Grandmother"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- Cumo, Christopher, ed. Foods That Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present (Facts on File, 2015)
- Johnson, Sylvia A. Tomatoes, Potatoes, Corn, and Beans: How the Foods of the Americas Changed Eating around the World (Atheneum Books, 1997).
- Krampner, Jon. Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food (Columbia University Press, 2013).Template:ISBN