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Krzysztof Penderecki

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Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}; 23 November 1933 – 29 March 2020) was a Polish composer and conductor. His best-known works include Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima,<ref name="Levenson"/> Symphony No. 3, his St Luke Passion, Polish Requiem, Anaklasis and Utrenja. His oeuvre includes five operas, eight symphonies and other orchestral pieces, a variety of instrumental concertos, choral settings of mainly religious texts, as well as chamber and instrumental works.<ref name="Levenson">Template:Cite news</ref>Template:Better source needed

Born in Dębica, Penderecki studied music at Jagiellonian University and the Academy of Music in Kraków. After graduating from the academy, he became a teacher there and began his career as a composer in 1959 during the Warsaw Autumn festival. His Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima for string orchestra and the choral work St. Luke Passion have received popular acclaim. His first opera, The Devils of Loudun, was not immediately successful. In the mid-1970s, Penderecki became a professor at the Yale School of Music.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> From the mid-1970s his composition style changed, with his first violin concerto focusing on the semitone and the tritone. His choral work Polish Requiem was written in the 1980s and expanded in 1993 and 2005.

Penderecki won many prestigious awards, including the Prix Italia in 1967 and 1968; the Wihuri Sibelius Prize of 1983; four Grammy Awards in 1987, 1998 (twice), and 2017; the Wolf Prize in Arts in 1987; and the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition in 1992.<ref name=grawemeyer.org>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2012, Sean Michaels of The Guardian called him "arguably Poland's greatest living composer".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2020 the composer's Alma Mater, the Academy of Music in Kraków, was named after Krzysztof Penderecki.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

CareerEdit

1933–1958: early yearsEdit

Penderecki was born on 23 November 1933 in Dębica, the son of Zofia and Tadeusz Penderecki, a lawyer. His grandfather Michał Penderecki was a native of Tenetnyky village near Rohatyn (now Ukraine)<ref name="rewakowicz">Roman Rewakowicz’s memoir about Krzysztof Penderecki</ref> and belonged to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic church.<ref name="dw">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He married Stefania Szylkiewicz of Armenian origin<ref name="dw" /> from Stanislau (now Ivano-Frankivsk in Ukraine)<ref name="wprost"/> and they later moved to Dębica. The rest of the Penderecki family adopted Ukrainian identity and some still live in their ancestral village.<ref>(LXIX) Wschodnie korzenie Krzysztofa Pendereckiego</ref> Krzysztof met them upon his visits to Ukraine in the 1990s.<ref name="rewakowicz" /> On his mother's side his grandfather, Robert Berger, was a highly talented painter and director of the local bank at the time of Penderecki's birth; Robert's father Johann, a German Protestant, moved to Dębica from Breslau (now Wrocław) in the mid-19th century. Out of love for his wife, he subsequently converted to Catholicism.<ref name="wprost">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Schwinger16">Schwinger, p. 16.</ref>

Krzysztof was the youngest of three siblings; his sister, Barbara, was married to a mining engineer, and his older brother, Janusz, was studying law and medicine at the time of his birth. Tadeusz was a violinist and also played piano.<ref name="Schwinger16"/>

The Second World War broke out in 1939; Penderecki's family moved out of their apartment, for the Ministry of Food was to operate there. After the war, Penderecki began attending grammar school in 1946. He began studying the violin under Stanisław Darłak, Dębica's military bandmaster who organized an orchestra for the local music society after the war. Upon graduating from grammar school, Penderecki moved to Kraków in 1951, where he attended Jagiellonian University.<ref name="Schwinger17">Schwinger, p. 17.</ref>

He studied violin with Stanisław Tawroszewicz and music theory with Franciszek Skołyszewski. In 1954, Penderecki entered the Academy of Music in Kraków and, having finished his studies on violin after his first year, focused entirely on composition. Penderecki's main teacher there was Artur Malawski, a composer known for his choral and orchestral works, as well as chamber music and songs. After Malawski's death in 1957, Penderecki took further lessons with Stanisław Wiechowicz, a composer primarily known for his choral works.<ref name="Schwinger18&19">Schwinger, pp. 18–19.</ref> At the time, the 1956 overthrow of Stalinism in Poland lifted strict cultural censorship and opened the door to a wave of creativity.<ref name="LOC1">Template:Cite journal</ref>

1958–1962: first compositionsEdit

Upon graduating from the Academy of Music in Kraków in 1958, Penderecki took up a teaching post at the academy. His early works show the influence of Anton Webern and Pierre Boulez (Penderecki was also influenced by Igor Stravinsky). Penderecki's international recognition began in 1959 at the Warsaw Autumn with the premieres of the works Strophen, Psalms of David, and Emanations, but the piece that truly brought him to international attention was Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima (see threnody and atomic bombing of Hiroshima), written in 1960 for 52 string instruments. In it, he makes use of extended instrumental techniques (for example, playing behind the bridge, bowing on the tailpiece). There are many novel textures in the work, which makes extensive use of tone clusters. He originally titled the work 8' 37", but decided to dedicate it to the victims of Hiroshima.<ref>Thomas (2008), p. 165</ref>

Fluorescences followed a year later; it increases the orchestral density with more wind and brass, and an enormous percussion section of 32 instruments for six players, including a Mexican güiro, typewriters, gongs and other unusual instruments. The piece was composed for the Donaueschingen Festival of contemporary music of 1962, and its performance was regarded as provocative and controversial. Even the score appeared revolutionary; the form of graphic notation that Penderecki had developed rejected the familiar look of notes on a staff, instead representing music as morphing sounds.<ref name="LOC1" /> His intentions at this stage were quite Cagean: 'All I'm interested in is liberating sound beyond all tradition'.<ref name="liner">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Another noteworthy piece of this period is the Canon for 52 strings and 2 tapes. This is in a similar style to other pieces in the late 1950s in its use of sound masses, dramatically juxtaposed with traditional means although the use of standard techniques or idioms is often disguised or distorted. Indeed, the Canon brings to mind the choral tradition and indeed the composer has the players sing, albeit with the performance indication of bocca chiusa (with closed mouth) at various points; nevertheless, Penderecki uses the 52 'voices' of the string orchestra to play in massed glissandi and harmonics at times – this is then recorded by one of the tapes for playback later on in the piece. It was performed at the Warsaw Autumn Festival in 1962 and caused a riot although curiously the rioters were young music students and not older concertgoers.<ref name="Jakelski">Template:Cite book</ref>

At the same time, he started composing music for theater and film. The first theater performance with Penderecki's music was Złoty kluczyk (Golden Little Key) by Yekaterina Borysowa directed by Władysław Jarema (premiered on 12 May 1957 in Krakow at the "Groteska" Puppet Theater). In 1959, at the Cartoon Film Studio in Bielsko-Biała, he composed the music for the first animated film, Bulandra i diabeł (Coal Miner Bulandra and Devil), directed by Jerzy Zitzman and Lechosław Marszałek.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In 1959, he wrote the score for Jan Łomnicki's first short fiction film, Nie ma końca wielkiej wojny (There is no End to the Great War, WFDiF Warszawa). In the following years he created over twenty original musical settings for dramatic and over 40 puppet performances, and composed original music for at least eleven documentary and feature films as well as for twenty-five animated films for adults and children.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The St. Luke PassionEdit

Year Song title Work Instrumentation
1968: {{#ifexist:Media:Krzysztof Penderecki Miserere mei-Deus.ogg|<phonos file="Krzysztof Penderecki Miserere mei-Deus.ogg">Listen</phonos>|{{errorTemplate:Main other|Audio file "Krzysztof Penderecki Miserere mei-Deus.ogg" not found}}Template:Category handler}}}} Saint Luke Passion Chorus

The large-scale St. Luke Passion (1963–66) brought Penderecki further popular acclaim, not least because it was devoutly religious, yet written in an avant-garde musical language, and composed within Communist Eastern Europe. Various different musical styles can be seen in the piece. The experimental textures, such as were employed in the Threnody, are balanced by the work's Baroque form and the occasional use of more traditional harmonic and melodic writing. Penderecki makes use of serialism in this piece, and one of the tone rows he uses includes the BACH motif, which acts as a bridge between the conventional and more experimental elements. The Stabat Mater section toward the end of the piece concludes on a simple chord of D major, and this gesture is repeated at the very end of the work, which finishes on a triumphant E major chord. These are the only tonal harmonies in the work, and both come as a surprise to the listener; Penderecki's use of tonal triads such as these remains a controversial aspect of the work.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Penderecki continued to write sacred music. In the early 1970s he wrote a Dies irae, a Magnificat, and Canticum Canticorum Salomonis (Song of Songs) for chorus and orchestra.<ref name="liner"/>

De Natura Sonoris and other pieces in the 1960s and early 1970sEdit

File:Penderecki-gtfy-03100-03117u.jpg
Penderecki between 1980 and 1990

Penderecki's preoccupation with sound culminated in De Natura Sonoris I (1966), which frequently calls upon the orchestra to use non-standard playing techniques to produce original sounds and colours. A sequel, De Natura Sonoris II, was composed in 1971: with its more limited orchestra, it incorporates more elements of post-Romanticism than its predecessor. This foreshadowed Penderecki's renunciation of the avant-garde in the mid-1970s, although both pieces feature dramatic glissandos, dense clusters, use of harmonics, and unusual instruments (the musical saw features in the second piece).

In 1968 Penderecki received the State Prize 1st class.<ref>Dziennik Polski, rok XXIV, nr 172 (7599), p. 6.</ref> During the jubilee of the People's Republic of Poland he received the Commander's Cross (1974)<ref>Dziennik Polski, rok XXX, nr 175 (9456), p. 2.</ref> and the Knight's Cross of Order of Polonia Restituta (1964).<ref>Dziennik Polski, rok XX, nr 171 (6363), p. 6.</ref>

Towards the end of the decade, Penderecki received a commission to write for the twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of the United Nations. The result was Kosmogonia, a piece of twenty minutes for 3 soloists (soprano, tenor, bass), mixed choir and orchestra. The Los Angeles Philharmonic premiered the piece on 24 October 1970 with Zubin Mehta as conductor and Robert Nagy as tenor. The piece uses texts from ancient writers Sophocles and Ovid in addition to contemporary statements from Soviet and American astronauts to musically explore the idea of the cosmos.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

1970s–2020: later yearsEdit

File:Wladyslaw bartoszewski, krzysztof penderecki.jpg
Krzysztof Penderecki and Władysław Bartoszewski in 2011

In the mid-1970s, while he was a professor at the Yale School of Music,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Penderecki's style began to change. The Violin Concerto No. 1 largely leaves behind the dense tone clusters with which he had been associated, and instead focuses on two melodic intervals: the semitone and the tritone. This direction continued with the Symphony No. 2 (1980), which is harmonically and melodically quite straightforward; the symphony is sometimes referred to as the "Christmas Symphony" due to the opening phrase of the Christmas carol Silent Night appearing three times during the work.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Penderecki explained this shift by stating that he had come to feel that the experimentation of the avant-garde had gone too far from the expressive, non-formal qualities of Western music: 'The avant-garde gave one an illusion of universalism. The musical world of Stockhausen, Nono, Boulez and Cage was for us, the young – hemmed in by the aesthetics of socialist realism, then the official canon in our country – a liberation...I was quick to realise however, that this novelty, this experimentation, and formal speculation, is more destructive than constructive; I realised the Utopian quality of its Promethean tone'. Penderecki concluded that he was 'saved from the avant-garde snare of formalism by a return to tradition'.<ref name="liner"/> Penderecki wrote relatively little chamber music. However, compositions for smaller ensembles range in date from the start of his career to the end, reflecting the changes his style of writing has undergone.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Krzysztof Penderecki dirigió a la Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional (28795460233).jpg
Krzysztof Penderecki conducting the Argentine National Symphony Orchestra, 2015

In 1975 the Lyric Opera of Chicago asked him to write a work to commemorate the US Bicentennial in 1976; this became the opera Paradise Lost Owing to delays to the project, however, it did not see its premiere until 1978. The music continued to illustrate Penderecki's move away from avant-garde techniques. It is tonal music, and the composer explained: "This is not music by the angry young man I used to be".<ref name="ParadiseWash">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1980, Penderecki was commissioned by Solidarity to compose a piece to accompany the unveiling of a statue at the Gdańsk shipyards to commemorate those killed in anti-government riots there in 1970. Penderecki responded with Lacrimosa, which he later expanded into one of the best-known works of his later period, the Polish Requiem (1980–84, 1993, 2005). Later, he tended towards more traditionally conceived tonal constructs, as heard in works such as the Cello Concerto No. 2 and the Credo, which received the Grammy Award for best choral performance for the world-premiere recording made by the Oregon Bach Festival, which commissioned the piece. The same year, Penderecki was awarded the Prince of Asturias Prize in Spain, one of the highest honours given in Spain to individuals, entities, organizations or others from around the world who make notable achievements in the sciences, arts, humanities, or public affairs. Invited by Walter Fink, he was the eleventh composer featured in the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival in 2001. He conducted the Credo on the occasion of the 70th birthday of Helmuth Rilling, 29 May 2003.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Penderecki received an honorary doctorate from the Seoul National University, Korea, in 2005 and the University of Münster, Germany, in 2006. His notable students include Chester Biscardi and Walter Mays.

In celebration of his 75th birthday, he conducted three of his works at the Rheingau Musik Festival in 2008, among them Ciaccona from the Polish Requiem.<ref>Ouverture 2008 Template:Webarchive Rheingau Musik Festival, p. 17, 11 July 2008.</ref>

In 2010, he worked on an opera based on Phèdre by Racine for 2014, which was never realized,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and expressed his wish to write a 9th symphony.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2014, he was engaged in the creation of a choral work to coincide with the Armenian genocide centennial.<ref name="armenpress.am">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2018, he conducted Credo in Kyiv at the 29th Kyiv Music Fest, marking the centenary of Polish independence.<ref name="Poland">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

Penderecki had three children, firstly a daughter Beata with pianist Barbara Penderecka (Template:Nee Graca), whom he married in 1954; they later divorced.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He then had a son, Łukasz (b. 1966), and daughter, Dominika (b. 1971), with his second wife, Elżbieta Penderecka (Template:Nee Solecka), whom he married on 19 December 1965.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He lived in the Kraków suburb of Wola Justowska. He was also a keen gardener, and established a 16-hectare arboretum near his manor house in Lusławice.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Penderecki died at his home in Kraków, Poland, on 29 March 2020, after a long illness.<ref>

  • {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

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</ref> He was buried at the National Pantheon in Kraków on 29 March 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Legacy and influenceEdit

File:Popiersie Krzysztof Penderecki ssj 20110627.jpg
Bust of Krzysztof Penderecki in Celebrity Alley in Kielce

In 1979, a bronze bust by artist Marian Konieczny honouring Penderecki was unveiled in The Gallery of Composers' Portraits at the Pomeranian Philharmonic in Bydgoszcz.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His monument is located on the Celebrity Alley at the Scout Square (Skwer Harcerski) in Kielce.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The Led Zeppelin guitarist and founding member Jimmy Page was an admirer of the composer's groundbreaking work Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima during his teenage years. This would be reflected later by Page's use of the violin bow on his guitar.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The composer and Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood cited Penderecki as a major influence.<ref name="service" /> For Radiohead's 1997 album OK Computer, Greenwood wrote a part for 16 stringed instruments playing quarter tones apart, inspired by Penderecki.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Greenwood visited Penderecki in 2012 and wrote a work for strings, 48 Responses to Polymorphia, which Penderecki conducted in various performances throughout Europe.<ref name="service">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Penderecki credited Greenwood for introducing his music to a new generation.<ref name="service" />

WorksEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Penderecki's compositions include operas, symphonies, choral works, as well as chamber and instrumental music.

Film and television scoresEdit

Krzysztof Penderecki composed between 1959 and 1968 original music for at least eleven documentary and feature films as well as for twenty-five animated films for adults and children.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Some of Penderecki's music has been adapted for film soundtracks. The Exorcist (1973) features his String Quartet and Kanon For Orchestra and Tape; fragments of the Cello Concerto and The Devils of Loudun. Writing about The Exorcist, the film critic for The New Republic wrote that 'even the music is faultless, most of it by Krzysztof Penderecki, who at last is where he belongs'.<ref>Liner notes for The Exorcist: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, Warner Bros. 16177-00-CD, 1998.</ref> Stanley Kubrick's The Shining (1980) features six pieces of Penderecki's music:<ref name="Levenson" /> Utrenja II: Ewangelia, Utrenja II: Kanon Paschy, The Awakening of Jacob, De Natura Sonoris No. 1, De Natura Sonoris No. 2 and Polymorphia.<ref>Template:Cite bookTemplate:Open access</ref> David Lynch has used Penderecki's music in the soundtracks of the films Wild at Heart (1990), Inland Empire (2006), and the TV series Twin Peaks (2017). In the film Fearless (1993) by Peter Weir, the piece Polymorphia was once again used for an intense plane crash scene, seen from the point of view of the passenger played by Jeff Bridges. Penderecki's Threnody for the Victims of Hiroshima was also used during one of the final sequences in the film Children of Men (2006).<ref name="Levenson" /> Penderecki composed music for Andrzej Wajda's 2007 Academy Award nominated film Katyń, while Martin Scorsese's Shutter Island (2010) featured his Symphony No. 3 and Fluorescences.

Honors and awardsEdit

File:Prague Autumn Penderecki.JPG
Penderecki conducting Sinfonia Varsovia during the rehearsal, Rudolfinum, Prague Autumn International Music Festival, 2008
File:Per artem ad deum 2015 - kucma, herder, penderecki.jpg
Penderecki (at right) at the Per Artem ad Deum Medal award ceremony
  • 1959: 2nd Competition for Young Polish Composers in Warsaw organised by the Polish Composers' Union – Penderecki was awarded the top three prizes for the works he anonymously submitted: Stanzas, Emanations, and Psalms of David;<ref name="Schott">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

  • 1961: Prize of the UNESCO International Tribune of Composers in Paris for Threnody;<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
  • 1966: Grand Art Prize of North Rhine-Westphalia for St. Luke Passion;<ref name="auto">Template:Cite news</ref>
  • 1967: Prix Italia for the St. Luke Passion;<ref name="auto"/> Sibelius Gold Medal;<ref name="Schott" />
  • 1968: Prix Italia for the Dies Irae in memory of the victims of Auschwitz;<ref name="auto"/> Grammy Trustees Award for significant contributions, other than performance, to the field of recording;<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Cultural Merit of the Principality of Monaco<ref name="usc" />

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Preis der Europäischen Kirchenmusik (Germany), Freedom of Dębica, Eduardo M. Torner Medal of the Conservatorio de Musica del Principado Asturias in Oviedo, Spain; honorary director of the Choir of the Prince of Asturias Foundation, Honorary President of the Apayo a la Creación Musical, Judaica Foundation Medal;

|CitationClass=web }}</ref> Merit of Armenia<ref name="Schott" />

|CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Grand Cross of the Order pro Merito Melitensi (Malta)<ref name="auto"/>

Penderecki was an honorary doctor and honorary professor of several universities: Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., University of Glasgow, Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory, Fryderyk Chopin Music Academy in Warsaw, Seoul National University, Universities of Rochester, Bordeaux, Leuven, Belgrade, Madrid, Poznan and St. Olaf College (Northfield, Minnesota), Duquesne University, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, University of Pittsburgh (PA), University of St. Petersburg, Beijing Conservatory, Yale University and Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster (Westphalia) (2006 Faculty of Arts).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

He was an honorary member of the following academies and music companies: Royal Academy of Music (London), Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia (Rome), Royal Swedish Academy of Music (Stockholm), Academy of Arts (London), Academia Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires), the Society of Friends of Music in Vienna, Academy of Arts in Berlin, Académie Internationale de Philosophie et de l'Art in Bern, and the Académie Nationale des Sciences, Belles-lettres et Arts in Bordeaux.<ref name="usc" /> In 2009, he became an honorary citizen of the city of Bydgoszcz.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

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SourcesEdit

Further readingEdit

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External linksEdit

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