Peng Ming-min

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Peng Ming-min (Template:Zh; 15 August 1923Template:Spnd8 April 2022) was a Taiwanese democracy activist, advocate of Taiwan independence, legal scholar, and politician. Arrested for sedition in 1964 for printing a manifesto advocating democracy in his native Taiwan, he escaped to Sweden, before taking a post as a university teacher in the United States. After 22 years in exile he returned to become the Democratic Progressive Party's first presidential candidate in Taiwan's first direct presidential election in 1996.

Early life and educationEdit

Born during Japanese rule to a prominent doctor's family in rural Taiwan, Peng received his primary education in Taiwan before going to Tokyo for secondary education, graduating from Kwansei Gakuin Middle School in 1939 and the Third Higher School in 1942. During World War II, he studied law and political science at the Tokyo Imperial University (now the University of Tokyo). At the end of the war, in order to avoid the American bombing of Japan's capital, he decided to go to his brother near Nagasaki. En route to his brother, he lost his left arm in a bombing raid.<ref name="penghistory">Template:Cite news</ref> While recuperating at his brother's house, he witnessed the second atomic blast that destroyed the city of Nagasaki.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

After the Japanese surrender, Peng returned to Taiwan and enrolled in the National Taiwan University. He was studying for his bachelor's degree at the Law School when the February 28 Incident occurred. <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

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After receiving his bachelor's degree, Peng went on to pursue a master's degree (LL.M. 1953) at the Institute of Air and Space Law at the McGill University Faculty of Law, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, later a doctoral degree in law at the University of Paris in 1954.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During his studies, Peng wrote some of the first essays on international air law published in France, Canada and Japan. His publications attracted considerable international attention and distinguished Peng as a pioneer in the new field of international air law.<ref>Template:Cite news Template:Dead link</ref>

Academic career and exileEdit

File:彭明敏(中)與劉慶瑞(左一) Peng Ming-min (center) with colleagues at National Taiwan University in 1954.jpg

Peng Ming-min (center) with colleagues at National Taiwan University in 1954

Peng returned to Taiwan and in 1957, at age 34, he became the youngest full professor at the National Taiwan University. While Peng was a professor and chairman of the Department of Political Science from 1961 to 1962, he attracted the attention of Chiang Kai-shek and other Kuomintang (KMT) leaders. Chiang appointed Peng as the advisor to the Republic of China's delegation to the United Nations, then the highest political position held by any Taiwanese, and hinted of future high-level governmental appointments. He quoted:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />

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In 1964, Peng and two of his students, Hsieh Tsung-min and Template:Ill, created Template:Ill advocating the overthrow of the Chiang regime and the establishment of a democratic government in Taiwan.<ref name="A Taste of Freedom"/> The three painstakingly printed 10,000 copies in secret, but before the manifesto could be distributed, Peng and his students were arrested on 20 September 1964.<ref name="penghistory"/><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They languished in jail for several months before being tried for sedition by a military court.<ref name="A Taste of Freedom"/> Peng was sentenced to eight years of imprisonment but his case attracted worldwide attention. Bowing to the increasing international pressure, Chiang Kai-shek released Peng from military prison 14 months later, but placed him under house arrest for life with strict surveillance.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

By 1968, his house arrest had become so suffocating that friends and Takayuki Munakata, a member of the Taiwan independence movement in Japan helped plan for Peng's escape from Taiwan.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1970, Peng managed to travel by plane to Hong Kong and from there to Sweden with a forged passport.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was granted political asylum in Sweden, but despite the freedom he enjoyed in Europe, he decided to pursue an appointment at the University of Michigan. Both the KMT and the Chinese Communist Party strenuously objected, but the United States granted his request for a visa and Peng arrived in Michigan in August 1970.<ref name="memorandum">Link text, 1970 Memorandum from the Department of State.</ref> During his time at Michigan, he wrote his autobiography A Taste of Freedom.Template:Citation needed

While in exile, Peng continued to be a leading figure in Taiwan politics and American foreign policy issues. In 1981, he co-founded the Formosan Association for Public Affairs (FAPA), a Taiwanese lobbying organization based in Washington D.C.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Peng served as FAPA's president from 1986 to 1988 and chaired the Asia-Pacific Democracy Association in 1989.Template:Citation needed He also testified on Taiwan issues before the United States Congress on several occasions.

Return to TaiwanEdit

With the death of Chiang Ching-kuo in 1988, Lee Teng-hui assumed the presidency and began to reform Taiwanese government. In 1992, he promulgated a revision of Template:Ill of the Template:Ill which not only allowed Taiwanese to advocate independence without being charged with sedition, but also granted amnesty to political prisoners and ended the overseas blacklist.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> No longer threatened with arrest, Peng returned to Taiwan on 2 November 1992 to a crowd of 1,000 people at Taoyuan International Airport.<ref>Taiwan Communique no. 57, "Professor Peng Ming Min Returns", December 1992.</ref> He had been in exile for 22 years. Peng joined the Democratic Progressive Party in February 1995.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On 28 September 1995, after an arduous two-tiered nomination process involving 49 public debates around Taiwan,<ref>Taiwan Communique no. 68, "Professor Peng is DPP's Candidate for Presidency", October 1995.</ref> the Democratic Progressive Party nominated Peng as their candidate for Taiwan's first presidential elections.<ref>Tyler, Patrick, "Taiwan Votes for President and Celebrates Democracy", New York Times, 23 March 1996.</ref> Outspokenly running on a platform of Taiwanese independence,<ref>Peng, Ming-Min, "Taiwan Belongs to No One", New York Times, 4 March 1996.</ref> he garnered 21% of the votes, a distant second to the incumbent Lee Teng-hui, who won the election.<ref>Times News Services,""Taiwan Picks Incumbent, Democracy", Seattle Times, 24 March 1996.</ref>

1996 Republic of China Presidential Election Result
President Candidate	Vice President Candidate	Party	Votes	%
Lee Teng-hui	Lien Chan	File:Emblem of the Kuomintang.svg Kuomintang	5,813,699	54.00
Peng Ming-min	Frank Hsieh	Democratic Progressive Party	2,274,586	21.13
Lin Yang-kang	Hau Pei-tsun	Independent	1,603,790	14.90
Chen Li-an	Wang Ching-feng	Independent	1,074,044	9.98
Invalid/blank votes			117,160
Total			10,883,279	100

In 2001, after Chen Shui-bian was elected president, Peng was appointed one of Chen's senior advisors.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Later life and deathEdit

In 2009, Peng's A Perfect Escape (逃亡), was published in Chinese, revealing the details of his dramatic escape in 1970.<ref>Ko, Shu-ling, "Peng Ming-min Launches New Book, Castigates Ma", Taipei Times, 15 June 2009.</ref> In July 2015, Peng and three others founded the Taiwan Independence Action Party.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> English translations of his articles were occasionally published in the Taipei Times.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Peng died on 8 April 2022 at age 98.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> His remains were interred in a cemetery at the Presbyterian Church in Yancheng District, Kaohsiung.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

Peng was an ardent baseball fan as a young boy, and when Babe Ruth visited Japan in the 1930s, he wrote a letter to Ruth and received an autograph in return.<ref name="A Taste of Freedom"/>

ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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