Phaseolus

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Phaseolus (bean, wild bean)<ref>{{#if:203844 | {{#invoke:template wrapper|wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon

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| Template:Citation error }}</ref> is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

It is one of the most economically important legume genera. Five of the species have been domesticated since pre-Columbian times for their beans: P. acutifolius (tepary bean), P. coccineus (runner bean), P. dumosus (year bean), P. lunatus (lima bean), and P. vulgaris (common bean).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Most prominent among these is the common bean, P. vulgaris, which today is cultivated worldwide in tropical, semitropical, and temperate climates.

EcologyEdit

Phaseolus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including common swift, garden dart, ghost moth Hypercompe albicornis, H. icasia and the nutmeg.

EtymologyEdit

The generic name Phaseolus was introduced by Linnaeus in 1753,<ref name="linnaeus">Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2:623, cited in Oxford English Dictionary s.v. 'phaseolus'</ref> from the Latin phaseolus, a diminutive of phasēlus, in turn borrowed from Greek φάσηλος / phasēlos of unknown origin.<ref name="oed">Oxford English Dictionary s.v. 'phaseolin'</ref><ref>Template:LSJ</ref> The Ancient Greeks probably referred to any bean in a pod as phasēlos,<ref>Template:Cite journal [1]</ref> which at the time, in Europe, were only of Asian origin. Later, when the common bean was introduced into Europe via Columbian exchange in the 16th Century, the meaning of the term extended to the New World beans.

TaxonomyEdit

Previous classifications placed a number of other well-known legume species in this genus, but they were subsequently reassigned to the genus Vigna, sometimes necessitating a change of species name. For example, older literature refers to the mung bean as Phaseolus aureus, whereas more modern sources classify it as Vigna radiata. Similarly, the snail bean Vigna caracalla was discovered in 1753 and in 1970 moved from Phaseolus to Vigna. The modern understanding of Phaseolus indicates a genus endemic only to the New World.<ref name=":0" />

SpeciesEdit

Species have been organized into eight groups based on phylogenetic clades:<ref>ILDIS Version 10.01</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Template:Div colFiliformis group

Leptostachyus group

Lunatus group

Phaseolus augusti
Phaseolus bolivianus
Phaseolus lunatus—lima bean, butter bean
Phaseolus pachyrrhizoides
Phaseolus viridis
Phaseolus mollis

Pauciflorus group

Pedicellatus group

Polystachios group

Tuerckheimii group

Vulgaris group

Phaseolus acutifolius—tepary bean
Phaseolus albescens
Phaseolus coccineus—runner bean
Phaseolus costaricensis
Phaseolus dumosus—year bean
Phaseolus parvifolius
Phaseolus persistentus
Phaseolus vulgaris—common bean, French bean, black bean, kidney bean, pinto bean, green bean

Uncategorized

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AllergenicityEdit

The Phaseolus plant has an OPALS plant allergy scale rating of 4 out of 10, indicating moderate potential to cause allergic reactions, exacerbated by over-use of the same plant throughout a garden. Leaves can cause skin rash and old plants often carry rust.<ref name = "Ogren">Template:Cite book</ref>

ReferencesEdit

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