Incubator escapee wiki

Leaf-nosed bat

Article Discussion
(Redirected from Phyllostomidae)

Template:Short description Template:Automatic taxobox

The New World leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) are bats (order Chiroptera) found from southern North America to South America, specifically from the Southwest United States to northern Argentina.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Both the scientific and common names derive from their often large, lance-shaped noses, though this is greatly reduced in some of the nectar- and pollen-feeders. Because these bats echolocate nasally, this "nose-leaf" is thought to serve some role in modifying and directing the echolocation call. Similar nose leaves are found in some other groups of bats, most notably the Old World leaf-nosed bats.

They are the most ecologically diverse bat family; members of this family have evolved to use food groups as varied as fruit, nectar, pollen, insects, frogs, other bats, and small vertebrates, and in the case of the vampire bats, blood. Most species are insectivorous, but the phyllostomid bats also include true predatory species and frugivores (subfamily Stenodermatinae and Carolliinae). For example, the spectral bat (Vampyrum spectrum), the largest bat in the Americas, eats vertebrate prey, including small, dove-sized birds.<ref name="Camacho" />

EvolutionEdit

The Phyllostomidae, also known as New World leaf-nosed bats, are among the most ecologically diverse mammal families.<ref name=":2" /> This variation is measured by diversity in skull morphology and diet-related characteristics: Phyllostomidae consists of species that have evolved physical modifications for insectivory, frugivory, hematophagy, nectarivory, and omnivory.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":2">Template:Cite journal</ref> The nose-leaf—a distinctive characteristic of the family—is thought to have evolved to reflect the dietary and foraging behavior of different species of Phyllostomidae.<ref name=":9">Template:Cite journal</ref> With an evolutionary history tracing back to the Oligocene, fossil and phylogenetic evidence suggests the family originated about 30 million years ago.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite journal</ref> Leaf nosed bats evolved from Yangochiroptera and Miniopteridae with sister groups also evolving from this group. The Phyllostomidae consists of 61 genera and about 227 species.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name="Camacho">Template:Cite journal</ref>

DescriptionEdit

File:Whole bat.png
Basic leaf-nosed bat body layout

New World leaf-nosed bats are bilaterally symmetrical and endothermic mammalsTemplate:Relevance inline<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> characterized by an elaborate outgrowth of skin on their noses, called a nose-leaf, which is believed to aid in echolocation.<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The nose-leaf can be adorned with a vertical leaf, a concave upward leaf, or multiple accessory leaves; varying by species.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Leaf-nosed bats lack a tail,<ref name=":5" /> have triangular-shaped ears that can have pointed or rounded tips,<ref name=":5" /> range in body size from Template:Convert, and have a wingspan of up to Template:Convert or more.<ref name=":3" />

New World leaf-nosed bats are usually brown, grey, or black, although five species are white. They range in size from Template:Convert in head-body length, and can weigh from Template:Convert.

Biology and ecologyEdit

File:Desmodus rotundus A Catenazzi.jpg
Common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus)

Like other bats, leaf-nosed bats are nocturnal foragers that use echolocation to locate food sources, though the food sources vary between species.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Many bats in the family Phyllostomidae appear to have limited reliance on echolocation, likely because frugivorous bats do not need to quickly identify flying insects like many other bats.<ref name=":9" /> Instead, species of leaf-nosed fruit bats appear to use scent to identify their preferred food sources.<ref name=":10">Template:Cite journal</ref>

When they are not foraging, leaf-nosed bats roost in abandoned buildings, caves, and beneath folded leaves depending on the species. Nearly every roosting option present among bats is represented within this family, including species that prefer to roost alone, as well as species that roost with thousands of other individuals every day within a large colony.<ref name=":11">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> They do not hibernate, although some species have been reported to aestivate.<ref name=EoM>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

DietEdit

The Phyllostomidae demonstrate the most diverse dietary habits of any family of bats across the globe.<ref name=":12">Template:Cite journal</ref> Because of this, general dietary patterns are categorized for each species. Leaf-nosed bats generally specialize in a particular type of diet which leads to classification in one of these groups: frugivore, nectarivore, insectivore, omnivore, or haematophagous.<ref name=":11" /> However, categorizations are based only on primary consumption habits, therefore observing species that occasionally consume food items outside of their particular classifications is not uncommon.<ref name=":11" /> Usually, when leaf-nosed bats consume outside of their primary dietary categorization, it is to ensure sufficient intake of nutrients that their primary food source may not provide. For example, nectar and ripe fruits provide sufficient amounts of carbohydrates and water, but are lacking in protein and fat.<ref name=":13">Elangovan, V., Marimuthu, G., Kunz, T.H. Temporal patterns of resource use by the short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Megachiroptera: Pteropodidae) (2001) Journal of Mammalogy, 82 (1), pp. 161-165.</ref> To meet basic nutritional requirements, leaf-nosed bats that primarily feed on fruit and nectar must also consume insects to ensure sufficient protein and fat intake<ref name=":13" /> and visit salt licks to acquire sodium and other nutrients.<ref name="Bravo2007">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Bravo2010>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Most leaf-nosed bats are classified as insectivores and feed on a variety of small insects. Certain species with this classification capture their prey either while in flight or from foliage in trees or on the ground. Carnivorous species feed on a variety of animals ranging from frogs to other bats. The Desmodontinae fall into this general carnivorous category, but are further distinguished by feeding exclusively on blood. In contrast, some species in this family feed on exclusively plants, gaining needed nutrients from fruits and leaves.<ref name=":12" /> Glossophaginae and Lonchophyllinae are nectar-feeding subfamilies.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Camacho" />

Life cycleEdit

Leaf-nosed bats are gonochoric (separate sexes) that partake in sexual copulation.<ref name=":4" /> These bats can live for 20–30 years<ref name=":6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and females become sexually active at two years of age.<ref name=":7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Female ovulation occurs from October through September, after the female mates, the gestation period ranges from 8–9 months with an initial 3- to 5-month diapause period when the fetus growth is slowed; this diapause period is controlled by hormones.<ref name=":7" /> The female gives birth to a single pup, which has open ears, open eyes,<ref name=":6" /> and the first set of deciduous teeth,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and is fully furred at birth.<ref name=":6" />

Social systemsEdit

Among species that roost in groups, some evidence exists for a social hierarchy with higher-ranking individuals gaining access to preferred areas of the site.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Solitary roosting bats, though, live alone and maintain a strict fidelity to a single roosting site.<ref name=":14">Template:Cite journal</ref> In some cases, males live alone or with harems, while females prefer to roost with other individuals and their pups.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In nearly every species that has been studied, mothers and pups maintain a social bond that lasts beyond nursing.<ref name=":14" /> Apparently, young bats can learn food preferences from their mothers and when they are reluctant to leave the nest, mothers literally nudge the infants out of the roost.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":10" />

RangeEdit

New World leaf-nosed bats range from the United States, in southern Arizona and the West Indies to northern Argentina.<ref name=":8">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The family inhabits a diverse array of environments and habitats ranging from forests to deserts.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref>

Human impactEdit

Species of New World leaf-nosed bats that make their homes in forested areas are greatly affected by agricultural intensification.<ref name=":15">Williams‐Guillén, K., & Perfecto, I. (2010). Effects of Agricultural Intensification on the Assemblage of Leaf-Nosed Bats (Phyllostomidae) in a Coffee Landscape in Chiapas, Mexico. Biotropica, 42(5), 605–613.</ref> Specifically, it has been found that increased agricultural activity by humans causes negative conservation effects on these habitats and as a result reduces abundance and diversity of leaf-nosed bats that live there.<ref name=":15" /> California leaf-nosed bats in particular are susceptible to human disruption. This species is known to create large roosts in closed mine shafts due to their potential to provide warmth and isolation.<ref>Kunz, T.H. (1982). Roosting Ecology of Bats. Ecology of Bats pp. 1-55.</ref> When humans enter the shafts or rework old mines, this disrupts the roosts of the leaf-nosed bats and has the potential to be detrimental to the population as a whole.Template:Citation needed

ClassificationEdit

Template:Further Template:Div col FAMILY PHYLLOSTOMIDAE<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Template:Div col end

ReferencesEdit

Template:Sister project Template:Sister project Template:Reflist

Template:Phyllostomidae

Template:Taxonbar

Retrieved from "https://zalansite.site/mediawiki/index.php?title=Leaf-nosed_bat&oldid=326943"