Piet Joubert
Template:Short description Template:Use South African English Template:Redirect Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate | bodyclass = vcard | bodystyle = {{#if:|width: {{{mainwidth}}}}} | child = {{{embed}}}
| abovestyle = font-size: 100%;
| above = {{#if:|
}}
{{#if:|
}}
| subheaderstyle = font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;
| subheader = {{#ifeq:{{{embed}}}|yes||{{#if:|{{#if:|
}}}}}}
| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=Pjjoubert.jpg|size=230px|sizedefault=frameless|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=|size=230px|sizedefault=frameless|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image3 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=|sizedefault=frameless|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | captionstyle = line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em; | caption{{#if:|3|{{#if:|2}}}} = Commandant General P. J. Joubert
| headerstyle = color: #202122; {{#ifeq:{{{embed}}}|yes|background:#eee|background:lavender}}
| data1 = {{#if:| {{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}}}Template:Infobox officeholder/office{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| {{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}{{#if:|| Template:Infobox officeholder/office}}
| data2 = | header3 = {{#if:Petrus Jacobus Joubert20 January 1831Farm Cango, Oudtshoorn, British Cape ColonyTemplate:Death date and agePretoria, South African RepublicSoldier, politician|Personal details}} | label4 = Pronunciation | data4 =
| label5 = Born | data5 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br
|1 = {{#if:Petrus Jacobus Joubert|
}}
|2 = 20 January 1831 |3 = Farm Cango, Oudtshoorn, British Cape Colony }}
| label6 = Died | data6 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br|Template:Death date and age|Pretoria, South African Republic}}
| label7 = {{#ifexpr: Template:Strfind short
| Manner |{{#if:|Manner|Cause}} }} of death
| data7 = {{#if:||Peritonitis}}
| label8 = Resting place | class8 = label | data8 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br||}}
| label9 = Citizenship | data9 =
| label10 = Nationality | data10 = {{#switch:{{#invoke:delink|delink|}} | {{#ifeq:Template:Country2nationality|{{#invoke:delink|delink|}}|{{#invoke:delink|delink|}}}} = | {{#ifeq:Template:Find country|England|British}} = | #default = }}
| label11 = Political party | data11 = {{#switch: | = | Democrat | Democratic | Democrat = Democratic | Republican | United States Republican Party | Republican | Republican Party = Republican | Conservative Party | Conservative = Conservative | Labour Party | Labour = Labour | Conservative Party | Conservative = Conservative | Liberal Party | Liberal = Liberal | KMT | Kuomintang | KMT | KMT | Kuomintang | Kuomintang (KMT) | Kuomintang (KMT) = Kuomintang | DPP | DPP | Democratic Progressive Party = Democratic Progressive Party | #default = }}
| label12 = Other political
affiliations
| data12 =
| label13 = Height | data13 = {{#if:|Template:Infobox person/height}}
| label14 = Spouse{{#if:|s|{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data14 =
| label15 = Domestic partner{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data15 =
| label16 = Relations | data16 =
| label17 = Children | data17 =
| label18 = Parent{{#if:|{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}}|{{#ifexpr:Template:Count > 1|s}}}} | data18 = {{#if:|{{{parents}}}|{{#invoke:list|unbulleted|{{#if:|{{{father}}} (father)}}|{{#if:|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}}}}}
| label19 = Relatives | data19 =
| label20 = Residence{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | class20 = {{#if:Template:Death date and agePretoria, South African Republic||label}} | data20 =
| label21 = Education | data21 =
| label22 = Alma mater | data22 =
| label23 = Occupation | data23 = Soldier, politician
| label24 = Profession | data24 =
| label25 = Known for | data25 =
| label26 = Salary | data26 =
| label27 = Cabinet | data27 =
| label28 = Committees | data28 =
| label29 = Portfolio | data29 =
| label30 = {{#if:|Civilian awards|Awards}} | data30 =
| label31 = {{{blank1}}} | data31 =
| label32 = {{{blank2}}} | data32 =
| label33 = {{{blank3}}} | data33 =
| label34 = {{{blank4}}} | data34 =
| label35 = {{{blank5}}} | data35 =
| label36 = Signature | data36 = {{#if:|[[File:{{{signature}}}|{{#if:|{{{signature_size}}}|128x80px}}|class=skin-invert|alt=|Piet Joubert's signature]]}}
| label37 = Website | data37 =
| label38 = Nickname{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data38 =
| header39 = {{#if:Template:FlagCommandant-generalBattle of Laing's Nek
Battle of Schuinshoogte
Battle of Majuba Hill
Malaboch War
Siege of Ladysmith
First Boer War|Military service}}
| label40 = Allegiance | data40 = Template:Flag
| label41 = {{#if:||Branch/service}} | data41 =
| label42 = {{#if:||Years of service}} | data42 =
| label43 = {{#if:||Rank}} | data43 = Commandant-general
| label44 = {{#if:||Unit}} | data44 =
| label45 = Commands | data45 =
| label46 = {{#if:||Battles/wars}}
| data46 = Battle of Laing's Nek
Battle of Schuinshoogte
Battle of Majuba Hill
Malaboch War
Siege of Ladysmith
First Boer War
| label47 = {{#if:|Military awards|Awards}} | data47 =
| label48 = {{{military_blank1}}} | data48 =
| label49 = {{{military_blank2}}} | data49 =
| label50 = {{{military_blank3}}} | data50 =
| label51 = {{{military_blank4}}} | data51 =
| label52 = {{{military_blank5}}} | data52 =
| data53 = | data54 = | data55 = | data56 = | data57 = | data58 = | belowstyle = border-top: 1px solid right;
| below =
{{#if:|Source: [{{{source}}}]}}
}}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#if:||{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}}}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox officeholder with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| regexp1 = 1blankname[%d]* | regexp2 = 1namedata[%d]* | regexp3 = 2blankname[%d]* | regexp4 = 2namedata[%d]* | regexp5 = 3blankname[%d]* | regexp6 = 3namedata[%d]* | regexp7 = 4blankname[%d]* | regexp8 = 4namedata[%d]* | regexp9 = 5blankname[%d]* | regexp10 = 5namedata[%d]* | allegiance | alma_mater | regexp11 = alongside[%d]* | alt | regexp12 = ambassador_from[%d]* | regexp13 = appointed[%d]* | regexp14 = appointer[%d]* | regexp15 = assembly[%d]* | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | regexp16 = blank[%d]* | bodyclass | branch | branch_label | cabinet | candidate | caption | categories | regexp17 = chancellor[%d]* | children | citizenship | regexp18 = co%-leader[%d]* | commands | committees | regexp19 = constituency[%d]* | regexp20 = constituency_AM[%d]* | regexp21 = constituency_MP[%d]* | regexp22 = convocation[%d]* | regexp23 = country[%d]* | regexp24 = data[%d]* | date | death_cause | death_date | death_manner | death_place | demo | regexp25 = deputy[%d]* | regexp26 = district[%d]* | education | election_date | embed | father | regexp28 = firstminister[%d]* | footnotes | regexp29 = governor[%d]* | regexp30 = governor_general[%d]* | regexp31 = governor%-general[%d]* | height | honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix | image | image name | image_name_alt | image_size | imagesize | image_upright | incumbent | regexp32 = jr/sr[%d]* | regexp33 = jr/sr and state[%d]* | known_for | regexp34 = leader[%d]* | regexp35 = legislature[%d]* | regexp36 = lieutenant[%d]* | regexp37 = lieutenant_governor[%d]* | mainwidth | regexp38 = majority[%d]* | regexp39 = majority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp40 = majority_leader[%d]* | regexp41 = majorityleader[%d]* | mawards | regexp42 = military_blank[%d]* | regexp43 = military_data[%d]* | regexp44 = minister[%d]* | regexp45 = minister_from[%d]* | regexp46 = minority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp47 = minority_leader[%d]* | regexp48 = minorityleader[%d]* | regexp49 = module[%d]* | regexp50 = monarch[%d]* | mother | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat | regexp51 = nominator[%d]* | nominee | occupation | regexp52 = office[%d]* | opponent | regexp53 = order[%d]* | otherparty | parents | regexp54 = parliament[%d]* | regexp55 = parliamentarygroup[%d]* | partner | party | party_election | portfolio | regexp56 = preceded[%d]* | regexp57 = preceding[%d]* | regexp58 = predecessor[%d]* | regexp59 = premier[%d]* | regexp60 = president[%d]* | regexp61 = primeminister[%d]* | regexp62 = prior_term[%d]* | profession | pronunciation | rank | rank_label | relations | relatives | residence | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | regexp63 = riding[%d]* | runningmate | salary | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | smallimage | smallimage_alt | source | speaker | speaker_office | spouse | spouses | regexp64 = state[%d]* | regexp65 = state_assembly[%d]* | regexp66 = state_delegate[%d]* | regexp67 = state_house[%d]* | regexp68 = state_legislature[%d]* | regexp69 = state_senate[%d]* | regexp70 = status[%d]* | regexp71 = suboffice[%d]* | regexp72 = subterm[%d]* | regexp73 = succeeded[%d]* | regexp74 = succeeding[%d]* | regexp75 = successor[%d]* | regexp76 = taoiseach[%d]* | regexp77 = term[%d]* | regexp78 = term_end[%d]* | regexp79 = term_label[%d]* | regexp80 = term_start[%d]* | regexp81 = termend[%d]* | regexp82 = termlabel[%d]* | regexp83 = termstart[%d]* | regexp84 = title[%d]* | unit | unit_label | regexp85 = vicegovernor[%d]* | regexp86 = vicepremier[%d]* | regexp87 = vicepresident[%d]* | regexp88 = viceprimeminister[%d]* | regexp89 = assuming[%d]* | website | width | year }}
Petrus Jacobus JoubertTemplate:Need-IPA (20 January 1831 – 28 March 1900), better known as Piet Joubert (Slim Piet, Smart Pete),<ref>Bossenbroek 2018, p. 442.</ref> was a South African politician who served as the commandant–general of the South African Republic from 1880 to 1900.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He also served as Vice-President to Paul Kruger from May 1883 to October 1884 and from May 1896 until his death. He served in First Boer War, Second Boer War, and the Malaboch War.<ref>Potgieter, D.J. et al. (eds) (1970). Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Cape Town: NASOU, v. 7.</ref>
Early lifeEdit
Joubert was born in the district of Prince Albert, British Cape Colony, a descendant of a French Huguenot who fled to South Africa soon after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Left an orphan at an early age, Joubert migrated to the Transvaal, where he settled in the Wakkerstroom district near Laing's Nek and the north-east corner of the Colony of Natal. There he not only farmed with great success, but turned his attention to the study of the law.Template:Sfn
Political careerEdit
The esteem in which his shrewdness in both farming and legal affairs was held led to his election to the Volksraad as member for Wakkerstroom early in the sixties, Marthinus Pretorius being then in his second term of office as president. In 1870 Joubert was again elected, and the use to which he put his slender stock of legal knowledge secured him the appointment of attorney-general of the republic. In 1875 he acted as president during the absence of T. F. Burgers in Europe.Template:Sfn He served as the Chairman of Volksraad from 1873 on.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
First Boer WarEdit
During the first British annexation of the Transvaal, Joubert earned for himself the reputation of a consistent irreconcilable by refusing to hold office under the government, as Paul Kruger and other prominent Boers were doing. Instead of accepting the lucrative post offered him, he took a leading part in creating and directing the agitation which led to the First Boer War (1880–1881), eventually becoming, as commandant-general of the Boer forces, a member of the triumvirate that administered the provisional Boer government set up in December 1880 at Heidelberg.Template:Sfn
He was in command of the Boer forces at Laings Nek, Ingogo, and Majuba Hill, subsequently conducting the earlier peace negotiations that led to the conclusion of the Pretoria Convention.Template:Sfn
Later political careerEdit
In 1883 he was a candidate in the Transvaal presidential election, but received only 1,171 votes as against 3,431 cast for Kruger. After losing to Kruger again in the 1888 elections, he ran against Kruger for a third time in the 1893 elections, standing as the representative of the comparatively progressive section of the Boers, who wished in some measure to redress the grievances of the Uitlander population which had grown up on the Rand. The poll (though there is good reason for believing that the voting lists had been manipulated by Kruger's agents) was declared to have resulted in 7911 votes being cast for Kruger and 7246 for Joubert. After a protest Joubert acquiesced to Kruger's continued presidency.Template:Sfn
He stood again in 1898, but the Jameson raid had occurred meantime and the voting was 12,858 for Kruger and 2,001 for Joubert. Joubert's position had then become much weakened by accusations of treachery and of sympathy with the Uitlander agitation.Template:Sfn He was a South African Freemason.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
He was elected twice as the Vice President, first time in May 1883. However, he resigned in October 1884 due to differences with Paul Kruger with respect to the policy in British Bechuanaland.<ref name="events1884">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Joubert was elected second time as Vice President after the death of Nicolaas Smit in May 1896 and he served until his own death on 28 March 1900.<ref>https://hdl.handle.net/10394/14081 Die ontstaan en ontwikkeling van die amp van die staatspresident in die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, 1858-1902, "Du Plessis_JS_Chapter11.pdf" (2.125Mb)</ref>
Second Boer WarEdit
He took little part in the negotiations that culminated in the ultimatum sent to Great Britain by Kruger in 1899, and though he immediately assumed nominal command of the operations on the outbreak of hostilities, he gave up to others the chief share in the direction of the war, through his inability or neglect to impose upon them his own will. His cautious nature, which had in early life gained him the sobriquet of Slim Piet (Clever Piet), joined to a lack of determination and assertiveness that characterized his whole career, led him to act mainly on the defensive; and the strategically offensive movements of the Boer forces, such as Elandslaagte and Willow Grange, appear to have been neither planned nor executed by him.Template:Sfn
DeathEdit
On 28 November 1899, during a raid south of the Tugela river in Natal, Joubert was thrown from his horse and suffered internal injuries.<ref>Pakenham 1979, p.174</ref> As the war went on, physical weakness led to Joubert's virtual retirement, and, though two days earlier he was still reported as being in supreme command, he died at Pretoria from peritonitis on 28 March 1900. Sir George White, the defender of Ladysmith, summed up Jouberts character when he called him "a soldier and a gentleman, and a brave and honourable opponent".Template:Sfn
HonoursEdit
The town of Pietersburg (now named Polokwane) in the northern region of the then Transvaal Republic (current Limpopo province) was named after Piet Joubert. Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem upon his death, Piet Joubert, wherein he absolved him from complicity in instigating the war, and held his colleagues to account (excerpt):<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }} The poem was first published in The Friend in Bloemfontein, 30 March 1900, under the title "The Death of General Joubert".</ref>
<poem>With those that bred, with those that loosed the strife,
He had no part whose hands were clear of gain; But subtle, strong, and stubborn, gave his life
To a lost cause, and knew the gift was vain.</poem>
See alsoEdit
- Fritz Joubert Duquesne, who claimed that he was a nephew of Piet Joubert, went on to become a Boer spy, and later one of the most famous German spies during both World Wars.
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
- Attribution
- {{#if: |
|{{#ifeq: Joubert, Petrus Jacobus | |{{#ifeq: | |public domain: }}{{#invoke:template wrapper|{{#if:|list|wrap}}|_template=cite EB1911 |_exclude=footnote, inline, noicon, no-icon, noprescript, no-prescript, _debug| }} | }} }}{{#ifeq: | |{{#ifeq: | |This article |One or more of the preceding sentences }} incorporates text from a publication now in the
| noicon=1 }}{{#ifeq: ||}}
Further readingEdit
- M. P. Bossenbroek, Yvette Rosenberg (Translator), The Boer War, Seven Stories Press, New York, NY, 2018. Template:ISBN, 1609807472.
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite news