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Sardine

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Sardine and pilchard are common names for various species of small, oily forage fish in the herring suborder Clupeoidei.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The term "sardine" was first used in English during the early 15th century; a somewhat dubious etymology says it comes from the Italian island of Sardinia, around which sardines were once supposedly abundant.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The terms "sardine" and "pilchard" are not precise, and what is meant depends on the region. The United Kingdom's Sea Fish Industry Authority, for example, classifies sardines as young pilchards.<ref name="seafish">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> One criterion suggests fish shorter in length than Template:Convert are sardines, and larger fish are pilchards.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

The FAO/WHO Codex standard for canned sardines cites 21 species that may be classed as sardines.<ref name="codex">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> FishBase, a database of information about fish, calls at least six species pilchards, over a dozen just sardines, and many more with the two basic names qualified by various adjectives.

EtymologyEdit

The word sardine first appeared in English in the 15th century, a loanword from French {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, derived from Latin {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, from Ancient Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (sardínē) or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (sardĩnos),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> possibly from the Greek {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Sardō) 'Sardinia'. Athenaios quotes a fragmentary passage from Aristotle mentioning the fish {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (sardĩnos), referring to the sardine or pilchard.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, Sardinia is over 1000 km from Athens, so it seems "hardly probable that the Greeks would have obtained fish from so far as Sardinia at a time relatively so early as that of Aristotle."<ref name=etymonline>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Although the Myceneans traded with the Sardinians during the latter Bronze Age.<ref>C. Michael Hogan, "Cydonia", Modern Antiquarian, 23 January 2008</ref>

The flesh of some sardines or pilchards is a reddish-brown colour similar to some varieties of red sardonyx or sardine stone; this word derives from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (sardĩon) with a root meaning 'red' and possibly cognate with Sardis, the capital of ancient Lydia (now western Turkey) where it was obtained. However, the name may refer to the reddish-pink colour of the gemstone sard (or carnelian) known to the ancients.<ref>{{#if: 1 | 

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The phrase "packed like sardines" (in a tin) is recorded from 1911.<ref name=etymonline /> The phrase "packed up like sardines" appears in The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction from 1841,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and is a translation of "encaissés comme des sardines", which appears in {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} from 1829.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Other early appearances of the idiom are "packed together ... like sardines in a tin-box" (1845),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and "packed ... like sardines in a can" (1854).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}, although this is a free rendering from the French original "...il fallut...les entassér commes des sardines." (Template:Cite book) where 'entassér' can mean 'to cram together.</ref>

GeneraEdit

Template:Common fish

Sardines occur in several genera.

Although they are not true sardines, sprats are sometimes marketed as sardines. For example, the European sprat, Sprattus sprattus, is sometimes marketed as the 'brisling sardine'.

SpeciesEdit

Commercially significant species
Genus Common name Scientific name Max. length Typ. length Max. mass Max. age
years 		Trophic
level 		Fish-
Base 		FAO ITIS IUCN
status
cm in cm in g oz
Sardina European pilchard Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) Template:Convert Template:Convert 15 3.05 <ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

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<ref>{{#if:161813 wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161813 title = Sardina pilchardus publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System 
 }}
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File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg
<ref name=IUCNpilchardus>Template:Cite iucn</ref>
Sardinops South American pilchard Sardinops sagax (Jenyns, 1842) Template:Convert Template:Convert Template:Convert 25 2.43 <ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

<ref>{{#if:161729 wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161729 title = Sardinops sagax publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System 
 }}
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}}</ref>

File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg
<ref name=IUCNsagax>Template:Cite iucn</ref>
Japanese pilchard<ref group="note" name="sardinops">There are four distinct stocks in the genus Sardinops, widely separated by geography. The FAO treats these stocks as separate species, while FishBase treats them as one species, Sardinops sagax.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref></ref> Sardinops melanostictus (Schlegel, 1846) <ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

<ref>{{#if:551222 wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=551222 title = Sardinops melanostictus publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System 
 }}
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Californian pilchard<ref group=note name=sardinops /> Sardinops caeruleus (Girard, 1854) <ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

<ref>{{#if:161730 wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161730 title = Sardinops caeruleus publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System 
 }}
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southern African pilchard<ref group=note name=sardinops /> Sardinops ocellatus (Pappe, 1854) <ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

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<ref>{{#if:551224 wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=551224 title = Sardinops ocellatus publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System 
 }}
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Sardinella Bali sardinella Sardinella lemuru (Bleeker, 1853) Template:Convert Template:Convert <ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

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<ref>{{#if:551452 wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=551452 title = Sardinella lemuru publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System 
 }}
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File:NT IUCN 3 1.svg
<ref name=IUCNlemuru>Template:Cite iucn</ref>
Brazilian sardinella Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879) 3.10 <ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

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<ref>{{#if:161764 wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161764 title = Sardinella brasiliensis publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System 
 }}
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File:DD IUCN 3 1.svg
<ref name=IUCNbrasiliensis>Template:Cite iucn</ref>
Japanese sardinella Sardinella zunasi (Bleeker, 1854) 3.12 <ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

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<ref>{{#if:551460 wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=551460 title = Sardinella zunasi publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System 
 }}
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File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg
<ref name=IUCNzunasi>Template:Cite iucn</ref>
Indian oil sardine Sardinella longiceps (Valenciennes, 1847) 2.41 <ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

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<ref>{{#if:551453 wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=551453 title = Sardinella longiceps publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System 
 }}
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File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg
<ref name=IUCNgladius>Template:Cite iucn</ref>
Goldstripe sardinella Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849) 2.85 <ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

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<ref>{{#if:551449 wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=551449 title = Sardinella gibbosa publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System 
 }}
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File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg
<ref name=IUCNgibbosa>Template:Cite iucn</ref>
Round sardinella Sardinella aurita (Valenciennes, 1847) 3.40 <ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

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<ref>{{#if:161763 wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161763 title = Sardinella aurita publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System 
 }}
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File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg
<ref name=IUCNaurita>Template:Cite iucn</ref>
Madeiran sardinella Sardinella maderensis (Lowe, 1839) 3.20 <ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

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<ref>{{#if:161767 wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161767 title = Sardinella maderensis publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System 
 }}
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File:VU IUCN 3 1.svg
<ref name=IUCNmaderensis>Template:Cite iucn</ref>
Marquesan sardinella Sardinella marquesensis (Berry & Whitehead, 1968) Template:Convert Template:Convert 2.90 <ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg
Dussumieria Rainbow sardine Dussumieria acuta (Valenciennes, 1847) Template:Convert 3.40 <ref>{{#invoke:Cite taxon|main|fishbase|genus=|species=|subspecies=}}</ref> <ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

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<ref>{{#if:161822 wrap|_template=cite web|_exclude=id,ID,taxon url = https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161822 title = Dussumieria acuta publisher = Integrated Taxonomic Information System 
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File:LC IUCN 3 1.svg
<ref name=IUCNdussumieria>Template:Cite iucn</ref>

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  • Sardina pilchardus Gervais.jpg

    The European pilchard, Sardina pilchardus

  • Sardinops sagax.jpg

    In the 1980s the South American pilchard, Sardinops sagax, was the most intensively fished species of sardine. Some major stocks declined precipitously in the 1990s (see chart below).

  • Sardinops sagax caerulea.png

    The Pacific sardine, Sardinops sagax caerulea

FeedingEdit

Sardines feed almost exclusively on zooplankton and congregate wherever this is abundant.

FisheriesEdit

Template:Multiple image Typically, sardines are caught with encircling nets, particularly purse seines. Many modifications of encircling nets are used, including traps or fishing weirs. The latter are stationary enclosures composed of stakes into which schools of sardines are diverted as they swim along the coast. The fish are caught mainly at night, when they approach the surface to feed on plankton. After harvesting, the fish are submerged in brine while they are transported to shore.

Sardines are commercially fished for a variety of uses: for bait; for immediate consumption; for drying, salting, or smoking; and for reduction into fish meal or oil. The chief use of sardines is for human consumption, but fish meal is used as animal feed, while sardine oil has many uses, including the manufacture of paint, varnish, and linoleum.

Food and nutritionEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Nutritional value

Sardines are commonly consumed by humans as a source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and micronutrients.<ref name="harvard">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sardines may be grilled, pickled, smoked, or preserved in cans.

Canned sardines are 67% water, 21% protein, 10% fat, and contain negligible carbohydrates (table). In a reference amount of Template:Cvt, canned sardines supply 185 calories of food energy and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin B12 (375% DV), phosphorus (29% DV), and niacin (26% DV) (table). Sardines are a moderate source (10–19% DV) of the B vitamins, riboflavin and pantothenic acid, and several dietary minerals, including calcium and sodium (18% DV each) (table). A 100 g serving of canned sardines supplies about 7 g combined of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (USDA source in table).

Because they are low in the food chain, sardines are low in contaminants, such as mercury, relative to other fish commonly eaten by humans,<ref name=harvard/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and have a relatively low impact in production of greenhouse gases.<ref name=harvard/>

HistoryEdit

History of sardine fishing in the UKEdit

Pilchard fishing and processing became a thriving industry in Cornwall, England from around 1750 to around 1880, after which it went into decline. Catches varied from year to year, and in 1871, the catch was 47,000 hogsheads, while in 1877, only 9,477 hogsheads. A hogshead contained 2,300 to 4,000 pilchards, and when filled with pressed pilchards, weighed 476 lbs. The pilchards were mostly exported to Roman Catholic countries such as Italy and Spain, where they are known as fermades. The chief market for the oil was Bristol, where it was used on machinery.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Since 1997, sardines from Cornwall have been sold as 'Cornish sardines', and since March 2010, under EU law, Cornish sardines have Protected Geographical Status.<ref name="DOOR-SDN">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The industry has featured in numerous works of art, particularly by Stanhope Forbes and other Newlyn School artists.

The traditional "Toast to Pilchards" refers to the lucrative export of the fish to Catholic Europe:

Here's health to the Pope, may he live to repent
And add just six months to the term of his Lent
And tell all his vassals from Rome to the Poles,
There's nothing like pilchards for saving their souls!<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

History of sardine fishing in the United StatesEdit

In the United States, the sardine canning industry peaked in the 1950s. Since then, the industry has been on the decline. The canneries in Monterey Bay, in what was known as Cannery Row in Monterey County, California (where John Steinbeck's novel of the same name was set), failed in the mid-1950s. The last large sardine cannery in the United States, the Stinson Seafood plant in Prospect Harbor, Maine, closed its doors on 15 April 2010 after 135 years in operation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In April 2015 the Pacific Fishery Management Council voted to direct NOAA Fisheries Service to halt the current commercial season in Oregon, Washington and California, because of a dramatic collapse in Pacific sardine stocks. The ban affected about 100 fishing boats with sardine permits, although far fewer were actively fishing at the time. The season normally would end 30 June.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The ban was expected to last for more than a year, and was still in place Template:As of.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In popular cultureEdit

The manner in which sardines can be packed in a can has led to the popular English language saying "packed like sardines", which is used metaphorically to describe situations where people or objects are crowded closely together.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

"Sardines" is also the name of a children's game, where one person hides and each successive person who finds the hidden one packs into the same space until only one is left out, who becomes the next one to hide.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Among the residents of the Mediterranean city of Marseille, the local tendency to exaggerate is linked to a folk tale about a sardine that supposedly blocked the city's port in the 18th century. It was actually blocked by a ship called the Sartine.

GalleryEdit

See alsoEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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Further readingEdit

External linksEdit

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