Pioneer Venus Multiprobe

Template:Short description Template:More footnotes Template:Infobox spaceflight The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe, also known as Pioneer Venus 2 or Pioneer 13, was a spacecraft launched in 1978 to explore Venus as part of NASA's Pioneer program. This part of the mission included a spacecraft bus which was launched from Earth. The bus carried one large and three smaller probes, which, after separating, each penetrated the Venusian atmosphere at a different location, returning data as they descended into the planet's thick atmosphere. The entries occurred on December 9, 1978.

In contextEdit

There was also an orbiter launched in 1978, part of the overall Pioneer Venus project along with this entry probe mission. Whereas the probes entered the atmosphere in 1978, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter would stay in orbit throughout the 1980s and the early 1990s. The next major mission was the Magellan spacecraft, which was an orbiter capable of mapping Venus by seeing through its opaque clouds with radar.

SpacecraftEdit

File:Pioneer Venus 2 inspection.jpg

Pioneer Venus Bus with probes attached

The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe bus was constructed by the Hughes Aircraft Company, built around the HS-507 bus. It was cylindrical in shape, with a diameter of Template:Convert and a mass of Template:Convert. Unlike the probes, which did not begin making direct measurements until they had decelerated lower in the atmosphere, the bus returned data on Venus' upper atmosphere.

The bus was targeted to enter the Venusian atmosphere at a shallow entry angle and transmit data until destruction by the heat of atmospheric friction. The objective was to study the structure and composition of the atmosphere down to the surface, the nature and composition of the clouds, the radiation field and energy exchange in the lower atmosphere, and local information on atmospheric circulation patterns. With no heat shield or parachute, the bus made upper atmospheric measurements with two instruments:

BIMS – an ion mass spectrometer to determine the origin and long-term development of the Venusian atmosphere, the dynamics of the upper atmosphere layers, its energy balance and the effect of solar radiation and interplanetary space on those layers. This instrument had a range of 1 to 46 u, used 6 W of power and weighed Template:Convert.
BNMS – a neutral mass spectrometer. This made measurements of the interaction between the solar wind and Venus, the photochemistry of the upper layers of and heat distribution in the Venusian atmosphere. It had a range of 1 to 60 u, weighed Template:Convert, and used ~1 W of power.

The spacecraft operated down to an altitude of about Template:Convert before disintegrating.

ProbesEdit

The spacecraft carried one large and three small atmospheric probes, designed by Senior Scientist and Program Manager Irwin Baker of Hughes Aircraft Company, to collect data as they descended into the atmosphere of Venus. The probes did not carry photographic instruments, and were not designed to survive landing – the smaller probes were not equipped with parachutes, and the larger probe's parachute was expected to detach as it neared the ground. All four probes continued transmitting data until impact; however, one survived and continued to transmit data from the surface, and another transmitted for 2 seconds after landing.

Large probeEdit

File:Pioneer Venus Large Probe.jpg

Pioneer Venus Large Probe opens its parachute (artist's rendition)

The large probe carried seven experiments, contained within a sealed spherical pressure vessel. The science experiments were:

LNMS – neutral mass spectrometer to measure the atmospheric composition
LGC – gas chromatograph to measure the atmospheric composition
LSFR – solar flux radiometer to measure solar flux penetration in the atmosphere
LIR – infrared radiometer to measure distribution of infrared radiation
LCPS – cloud particle size spectrometer to measure particle size and shape
LN – nephelometer to search for cloud particles
temperature, pressure, and acceleration sensors

This pressure vessel was encased in a nose cone and aft protective cover. After deceleration from initial atmospheric entry at about Template:Convert near the equator on the night side of Venus, a parachute was deployed at Template:Convert altitude. The large probe was about Template:Convert in diameter and the pressure vessel itself was Template:Convert in diameter.

Small probesEdit

File:Smallvenusprobe.gif

A small probe (1-antenna, 2-temperature sensor, 3-frontal protection, 4-hermetic container, 5-nephelometer, 6-radiometer)

File:Entry-points-for-Pioneer-Venus-Atmosphere-probes.png

Entry of Pioneer Venus Multiprobe (comprising 1 large and 3 small probes)

File:Pioneer-Venus-large-prode-descent-sequence.png

Pioneer Venus Large Probe descent sequence

Three identical small probes, around Template:Convert in diameter, were deployed. These probes consisted of spherical pressure vessels surrounded by an aeroshell, but unlike the large probe, they had no parachutes and the aeroshells did not separate from the probes.

The science experiments were:<ref name="Intro">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

a neutral mass spectrometer to measure the atmospheric composition
a gas chromatograph to measure the atmospheric composition
SNFR – solar flux radiometer to measure solar flux penetration in the atmosphere
an infrared radiometer to measure distribution of infrared radiation
MTUR – cloud particle size spectrometer to measure particle size and shape
SN – nephelometer to search for cloud particles
SAS – temperature, pressure, and acceleration sensors

The radio signals from all four probes were also used to characterize the winds, turbulence, and propagation in the atmosphere. The small probes were each targeted at different parts of the planet and were named accordingly.<ref name=":0">Pioneer Venus Probes. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 2005.</ref>

The North probe entered the atmosphere at about 60 degrees north latitude on the day side.
The Night probe entered on the night side.
The Day probe entered well into the day side, and was the only one of the four probes which continued to send radio signals back after impact, for over an hour.

LaunchEdit

The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe was launched by an Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1AR rocket, which flew from Launch Complex 36A at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The launch occurred at 07:33 on August 8, 1978, and deployed the Multiprobe into heliocentric orbit for its coast to Venus.

Arrival at VenusEdit

Prior to the Multiprobe reaching Venus, the four probes were deployed from the main bus. The large probe was released on November 16, 1978, and the three small probes on November 20.

All four probes and the bus reached Venus on December 9, 1978. The large probe was the first to enter the atmosphere, at 18:45:32 UTC, followed over the next 11 minutes by the other three probes. The bus entered the atmosphere at 20:21:52 UTC and returned its last signal at 20:22:55 from an altitude of Template:Convert.

The four probes transmitted data until they impacted the surface of Venus. The Day Probe survived the impact, returning data from the surface for 67 minutes and 37 seconds after reaching the surface.<ref name="InDepth">NASA. Pioneer Venus 2, NASA Science: Solar System Exploration, February 3, 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</ref>

Pioneer Venus probes and bus: atmospheric entry and impacts (all times in UT)<ref name=":0" />
	Entry time (200 km)	Impact time	Loss of signal	Impact coordinates	Solar Zenith Angle	Local Venus time
Large Probe	18:45:32	19:39:53	19:39:53	Template:Venus coords and quad cat	65.7	7:38
North Probe	18:49:40	19:42:40	19:42:40	Template:Venus coords and quad cat	108.0	3:35
Day Probe	18:52:18	19:47:59	20:55:34	Template:Venus coords and quad cat	79.9	6:46
Night Probe	18:56:13	19:52:05	19:52:07	Template:Venus coords and quad cat	150.7	0:07
Bus	20:21:52	(signal lost at 110 km altitude)	20:22:55	Template:Venus coords and quad cat (estimated)	60.7	8:30

Scientific resultsEdit

Below an altitude of Template:Convert the temperatures measured by the four probes were identical to within a few degrees, between Template:Convert on the surface; the ground pressure, between Template:Convert. Nephelometers identified three cloud layers with different characteristics. The most remarkable discovery was that the ratio of ³⁶argon / ⁴⁰argon isotopes was much higher than in the Earth's atmosphere, which seems to indicate that the genesis of the Venusian atmosphere is very different from that of Earth's. The reconstituted trajectory of the atmospheric probes determined that the wind averaged Template:Convert in the middle cloud layer, Template:Convert at the base of these clouds and just Template:Convert on the ground. Overall data from airborne sensors confirmed and refined the data obtained by the Soviet Venera program that preceded the American mission to Venus.<ref>Paolo Ulivi et David M. Harland, Robotic Exploration of the Solar System Part 1, The Golden Age 1957–1982, Springer Praxis, 2007 (Template:ISBN)</ref>

TrajectoryEdit

Diagram of the PVM's path to planet Venus from Earth in 1978, and this also notes the launch of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter which took place that year also.

File:Pioneer-Venus-Trajectories.png

Trajectory of Pioneer Venus Multiprobe in 1978