Polo neck
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A polo neck, roll-neck<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (South Africa), turtleneck (United States, Canada), or skivvy is a garment—usually a sweater—with a close-fitting collar that folds over and covers the neck. It can also refer to the type of neckline, the style of collar itself, or be used as an adjective ("polo necked").
A simpler variant of the standard polo neck is the mock polo neck (or mock turtleneck), that resembles the polo neck with the soft fold at its top and the way it stands up around the neck, but both ends of the tube forming the collar are sewn to the neckline. This is mainly used to achieve the appearance of a polo neck where the fabric would fray, roll, or otherwise behave badly unless sewn. The mock polo neck clings to the neck smoothly, is easy to manufacture, and works well with a zip closure.
HistoryEdit
EuropeEdit
Turtle neck–like garments have been worn for hundreds of years, dating at least to the 15th century. They were originally designed to protect the necks of knights wearing chainmail. Royalty adopted high-neck fashion, with the height and volume of the neck ruffle indicating status.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
From the late 19th century on polo necks were commonly worn by fishermen, manual workers, athletes, sailors and naval officers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since the middle of that century, black polo necks have been closely associated with leftist radical academics, philosophers, artists and intellectuals.<ref>Mary Ann Frese Witt, The Humanities and the Modern World, 2000, Template:Isbn, Template:OCLC, pp. 463–464.</ref><ref>Deirdre Bair, Simone de Beauvoir: A Biography, 1990, p. 360.</ref> The polo neck jumper became an iconic symbol of the French philosopher Michel Foucault.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Polo necks also became a big fashion for wealthy young men after they were worn by European film stars Marcello Mastroianni and Yves Montand.<ref>Guido Vergani, Dizionario della moda, 2009, p. 348 Template:In lang.</ref>
Greta Garbo often wore polo necks and trousers privately, as later Audrey Hepburn would do in official photographs.
Vladimir Putin<ref>Zbigniew Brzezinski, Putin's Choice, 2008.</ref> of Russia, Andreas Papandreou<ref>Theodore C. Kariotis, The Greek Socialist Experiment: Papandreou's Greece 1981–1989, 1992</ref> of Greece, and Emmanuel Macron<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> of France are examples of European leaders who are fond of wearing polo necks.
United StatesEdit
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries the high neckline blouse became a fashionable option for young women as part of the emergence of the Gibson Girl.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Their adoption by Noël Coward in the 1920s turned polo necks into a brief middle-class fashion trend, and feminists made them into a unisex item. Absorbed into mainstream American fashion by the mid 20th century, the polo neck came to be viewed as an anti-tie, a smart form of dress for those who rejected formal wear. Senator Ted Kennedy, pianist/conductor Vladimir Ashkenazy, conductor Seiji Ozawa, philosopher Michel Foucault, shipping tycoon Stavros Niarchos, singer Barry Manilow, scientist Carl Sagan, Oracle Corporation co-founder Larry Ellison, and Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs were among those often seen in polo necks.<ref name=Turtleneck>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Disgraced Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes deliberately copied Steve Jobs' style in wearing a black polo neck.<ref name=Turtleneck/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Over time it became a fad among teenage girls, especially in a lightweight form that emphasised their figures. It was not long before Hollywood was also exploiting this image as part of the sweater girl look.
By the late 1950s the "tight turtleneck" had been adopted as part of the preppy style among students, a style emphasising neatness, tidiness and grooming. This would become an important aspect of the polo neck's image in the United States.
Turtlenecks were also famous in hippies in 1960s and 1970s.
Very elegant polo necks of silk or nylon knit, especially made with French cuffs for formal dress affairs, have also seen success in American fashion.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
As an alternative to the necktieEdit
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Polo necks have been used as substitutes for a shirt-and-tie since the 1920s.<ref name=fads>Template:Cite book</ref> This was sometimes frowned upon in upscale restaurants and at weddings.
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