Port of Liverpool

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File:A Packet off Liverpool RMG BHC1862 inverted.tif

Port of Liverpool in 1809

The Port of Liverpool is the enclosed Template:Convert dock system that runs from Brunswick Dock in Liverpool to Seaforth Dock, Seaforth, on the east side of the River Mersey and the Birkenhead Docks between Birkenhead and Wallasey on the west side of the river.

In 2023, the Port of Liverpool was the UK’s fourth busiest container port, handling around 900,000 TEUs of cargo each year, equivalent to over 30 million tonnes of freight per annum. It handles a wide variety of cargo, including containers, bulk cargoes such as coal, grain and animal feed, and roll-on/roll-off cargoes such as cars, trucks and recycled metals. The port is also home to one of the largest cruise terminals in the UK which handles approximately 200,000 passengers and over 100 cruise ships each year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The port has significant links to North America and the rest of Europe via the Irish Sea and Atlantic Ocean. It is the most significant port in the UK for transatlantic trade.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The port's history spans over 800 years and at its peak in the 19th century, it was the second most important port in the British Empire.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2016, the port was extended by the building of an in-river container terminal at Seaforth Dock, named Liverpool2. The terminal can berth two 14,000 container Post-Panamax ships.

Garston Docks, which are in the city of Liverpool, are not a part of the Port of Liverpool. The working docks are operated by Mersey Docks and Harbour Company, while the docks to the south of the Pier Head are operated by the Canal & River Trust, the successor to former operator British Waterways.

HistoryEdit

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File:Waterloo graanpakhuizen in Liverpool, op de voorgrond schepen Liverpool Waterloo Cornwarehouses (titel op object), RP-F-F01212-20-2.jpg

Waterloo Dock in 1890s

File:Mann Island Liverpool 2023.jpg

Modern developments at Pier Head and Canning Dock.

1715-1899Edit

Liverpool's first dock was the world's first enclosed commercial dock, the Old Dock, built in 1715. The Lyver Pool, a tidal inlet in the narrows of the estuary, which is now largely under the Liverpool One shopping centre, was converted into the enclosed dock. Further docks were added and eventually all were interconnected by lock gates, extending Template:Convert along the Liverpool bank of the River Mersey. From 1830 onwards, most of the building stone was granite from Kirkmabreck near Creetown, Scotland.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The interconnected dock system was the most advanced port system in the world. The docks enabled ship movements within the dock system 24 hours a day, isolated from the high River Mersey tides.

File:Port of Liverpool Building Front.jpg

Port of Liverpool Building

From 1885, the dock system was the hub of a hydraulic power network that stretched beyond the docks. Both White Star Line and Cunard Line were based at the port. It was also the home port of many great ships, including Template:RMS, Template:RMS, Template:RMS, Template:RMS and the ill-starred Tayleur, Template:MV, Template:HMHS, Template:RMS, and the Template:RMS.

20th centuryEdit

Most of the smaller south end docks were closed in 1971 with Brunswick Dock remaining until closure in 1975.Template:Why

The largest dock on the dock network, Seaforth Dock, was opened in 1972 and deals with grain and containers, accommodating what were the largest containers ships at that time.

In 1972, Canadian Pacific unit CP Ships was the last transatlantic line to operate from Liverpool.

Many docks have been filled in to create land for buildings: at the Pier Head, an arena at Kings Dock, commercial estates at Toxteth and Harrington Docks and housing at Herculaneum Dock. In the north, some branch docks have been filled in to create land. Sandon and Wellington Docks have been filled in and are now the location of a sewage works. Most of Hornby Dock was filled in to allow Gladstone Dock's coal terminal to expand.

Liverpool Freeport Zone was opened in the North Docks 1984, expanding to include some of the Birkenhead Dock system in 1992.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Euro Rail terminal was established at Seaforth Dock in 1994 and the port expanded five years later, including construction of the Liverpool Intermodal Freeport Terminal.<ref name=":0" />

21st centuryEdit

In 2004 UNESCO announced Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City. Parts of the port were a World Heritage Site from 2004 until 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Liverpool stripped of Unesco World Heritage status BBC News 21 July 2021</ref>

Port statisticsEdit

File:Liverpool docks 2018.jpg

Three tugs transitting the Liverpool dock system, October 2018

In 2020 Liverpool was the United Kingdom's fourth largest port by tonnage of freight, handling 31.1 million tonnes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Product	2004	2003	2002	2001
Grain	2,289,000 tonnes	2,377,000 tonnes	2,360,000 tonnes	2,455,000 tonnes
Timber	295,000 tonnes	391,000 tonnes	406,000 tonnes	452,000 tonnes
Bulk liquids	774,000 tonnes	727,000 tonnes	788,000 tonnes	707,000 tonnes
Bulk cargo	6,051,000 tonnes	6,296,000 tonnes	5,572,000 tonnes	5,026,000 tonnes
Oil Terminal	11,406,000 tonnes	11,406,000 tonnes	11,604,000 tonnes	11,236,000 tonnes
General cargo	374,000 tonnes	556,000 tonnes	468,000 tonnes	514,000 tonnes
Total	32,171,000 tonnes	31,753,000 tonnes	30,564,000 tonnes	30,501,000 tonnes
Passengers	720,000	734,000	716,000	654,000
Containers	616,000	578,000	535,000	524,000
RoRo (car ferry)	513,000	476,000	502,000	533,000

MarinaEdit

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Liverpool Marina is in Coburg Dock and has 340 berths.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Cruise terminalEdit

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File:RMS Queen Mary 2, Liverpool (geograph 4556001).jpg

Queen Mary 2 at the Liverpool Cruise Terminal, 2015.

Cruise ships once sailed from Langton Dock, part of the enclosed north docks system. Departures and arrivals were subject to tides. Cruise ships returned to Liverpool's Pier Head in 2008, berthing at a newly constructed cruise terminal, enabling departures and arrivals at any time. Until 2012, any cruises beginning in Liverpool still departed from Langton Dock but, since 2012, the terminal has been used as the start and end of voyages, and not merely a stop-off point.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> This led to a dispute with Southampton due to the large public subsidy provided for the new terminal,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> which Liverpool City Council has agreed to repay.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Ships which have called at Liverpool Cruise Terminal include Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2), Grand Princess, Caribbean Princess and RMS Queen Mary 2. A number of large Royal Navy vessels, such as Template:HMS and Template:HMS, have also visited the terminal.

Rail connectionsEdit

File:Liverpool RJD 42.jpg

The extent of the Liverpool Docks rail network in 1909

At one point the Mersey Docks and Harbour Company freight railway totalled Template:Convert of rail track, with connections to many other railways. A section of freight rail line ran under the Liverpool Overhead passenger railway, with trains constantly crossing the Dock Road from the docks into the freight terminals. Today, only the Canada Dock branch line is used to serve the docks, using diesel locomotives.

The first rail link to the docks was the construction of the 1830 Park Lane railway goods station opposite the Queen's Dock in the south of the city. The terminal was accessed via the Template:Convert Wapping Tunnel from Edge Hill rail junction in the east of the city. The station was demolished in 1972. The tunnel is still intact.

Until 1971, Liverpool Riverside railway station served the liner terminal at the Pier Head. Today, for passengers disembarking from the new cruise terminal, city centre circular buses call at the terminal directly, while Moorfields and James Street are the nearest Merseyrail stations.

On the opposite side of the river, the Birkenhead Dock Branch served the docks between 1847 and 1993. This route remains intact, albeit disused.