Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
Template:Use dmy dates Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Infobox archaeological culture Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) denotes the first stage of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, in early Levantine and Anatolian Neolithic culture, dating to Template:C. years ago, that is, 10,000–8800 BCE.<ref name="MC">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="PNAS09" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Archaeological remains are located in the Levantine and Upper Mesopotamian region of the Fertile Crescent.
The time period is characterized by tiny circular mud-brick dwellings, the cultivation of crops, the hunting of wild game, and unique burial customs in which bodies were buried below the floors of dwellings.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and the following Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) were originally defined by Kathleen Kenyon in the type site of Jericho, State of Palestine. During this time, pottery was not yet in use. They precede the ceramic Neolithic Yarmukian culture. PPNA succeeds the Natufian culture of the Epipalaeolithic Near East.
SettlementsEdit
PPNA archaeological sites are much larger than those of the preceding Natufian hunter-gatherer culture, and contain traces of communal structures, such as the famous Tower of Jericho. PPNA settlements are characterized by round, semi-subterranean houses with stone foundations and terrazzo-floors.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The upper walls were constructed of unbaked clay mudbricks with plano-convex cross-sections. The hearths were small and covered with cobbles. Heated rocks were used in cooking, which led to an accumulation of fire-cracked rock in the buildings, and almost every settlement contained storage bins made of either stones or mud-brick.
As of 2013, Gesher, modern Israel, became the earliest known of all known Neolithic sites (PPNA), with a calibrated Carbon 14 date of 10,459 BCE ± 348 years, analysis suggesting that it may have been the starting point of a Neolithic Revolution.<ref name="auto">Template:Cite journal</ref> A contemporary site is Mureybet in modern Syria.<ref name="auto"/>
One of the most notable PPNA settlements is Jericho, thought to be the world's first town (Template:C. BCE).<ref name="gates2003">Template:Cite book</ref> The PPNA town contained a population of up to 2–3000 people and was protected by a massive stone wall and tower. There is much debate over the function of the wall, for there is no evidence of any serious warfare at this time.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> One possibility is the wall was built to protect the salt resources of Jericho.<ref>"Jericho", Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> It has also been proposed that the tower caught the shadow of the largest nearby mountain on summer solstice in order to create a sense of power in support of whatever hierarchy ruled the town's inhabitants.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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The Tower of Jericho was built at the end of Pre-Pottery Neolithic A, Template:Circa.
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Ancestor Statue, Jericho, from Template:Circa years ago. Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem.
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The Urfa Man Template:Circa.<ref name="RJC">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="AC">Template:Cite book</ref> Şanlıurfa Archaeology and Mosaic Museum.
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Human plastered head from the Levant during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic phases.
Burial practicesEdit
PPNA cultures are unique for their burial practices, and Kenyon (who excavated the PPNA level of Jericho) characterized them as "living with their dead". Kenyon found no fewer than 279 burials, below floors, under household foundations, and in between walls.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In the PPNB period, skulls were often dug up and reburied, or mottled with clay and (presumably) displayed.
LithicsEdit
The lithic industry is based on blades struck from regular cores. Sickle-blades and arrowheads continue traditions from the late Natufian culture, transverse-blow axes and polished adzes appear for the first time.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Crop cultivation and granariesEdit
Sedentism of this time allowed for the cultivation of local grains, such as barley and wild oats, and for storage in granaries. Sites such as Dhra′ and Jericho retained a hunting lifestyle until the PPNB period, but granaries allowed for year-round occupation.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
This period of cultivation is considered "pre-domestication", but may have begun to develop plant species into the domesticated forms they are today. Deliberate, extended-period storage was made possible by the use of "suspended floors for air circulation and protection from rodents". This practice "precedes the emergence of domestication and large-scale sedentary communities by at least 1,000 years".<ref name="PNAS09">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Granaries are positioned in places between other buildings early on Template:C. BP, however, beginning around 10,500 BP, they were moved inside houses, and by 9,500 BP, storage occurred in special rooms.<ref name="PNAS09" /> This change might reflect changing systems of ownership and property as granaries shifted from communal use and ownership to become under the control of households or individuals.<ref name="PNAS09" />
It has been observed of these granaries that their "sophisticated storage systems with subfloor ventilation are a precocious development that precedes the emergence of almost all of the other elements of the Near Eastern Neolithic package—domestication, large scale sedentary communities, and the entrenchment of some degree of social differentiation". Moreover, "building granaries may [...] have been the most important feature in increasing sedentism that required active community participation in new life-ways".<ref name="PNAS09" />
Regional variantsEdit
With more sites becoming known, archaeologists have defined a number of regional variants of Pre-Pottery Neolithic A:
- (Aswadian) in the Damascus Basin, defined by finds from Tell Aswad IA; typical: bipolar cores, big sickle blades, Aswad points. The 'Aswadian' variant recently was abolished by the work of Danielle Stordeur in her initial report from further investigations in 2001–2006. The PPNB horizon was moved back at this site, to around 10,700 BP.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Mureybetian in the Northern Levant, defined by the finds from Mureybet IIIA, IIIB, typical: Helwan points, sickle-blades with base amenagée or short stem and terminal retouch.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Other sites include Sheyk Hasan and Jerf el Ahmar.
- Sites in "Upper Mesopotamia" include Çayönü and Göbekli Tepe, with the latter possibly being the oldest ritual complex yet discovered.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }} Directrice de la mission permanente El Kowm-Mureybet (Syrie) du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères – Recherches sur le Levant central/sud : Premiers résultats.</ref>
- Sites in central Anatolia that include the 'mother city' Çatalhöyük and the smaller, but older site, rivaling even Jericho in age, Aşıklı Höyük.
- Sultanian in the Jordan River valley and southern Levant, with the type site of Jericho. Other sites include Netiv HaGdud, El-Khiam, Hatoula, and Nahal Oren.
Relative chronologyEdit
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
- J. Cauvin, Naissance des divinités, Naissance de l’agriculture. La révolution des symboles au Néolithique (CNRS 1994). Translation (T. Watkins) The birth of the gods and the origins of agriculture (Cambridge 2000).
- O. Bar-Yosef, The PPNA in the Levant – an overview. Paléorient 15/1, 1989, 57–63.
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