President's rule

In India, President's rule is the suspension of state government and imposition of direct Union government rule in a state. Under Article 356 of the Constitution of India, if a state government is unable to function according to Constitutional provisions, the Union government can take direct control of the state machinery. Subsequently, executive authority is exercised through the centrally appointed governor, who has the authority to appoint other administrators to assist them. The administrators are usually nonpartisan retired civil servants not native to the state.

When a state government is functioning correctly, it is run by an elected Council of Ministers responsible to the state's legislative assembly (Vidhan Sabha). The council is led by the chief minister, who is the chief executive of the state; the Governor is only a constitutional head. However, during President's rule, the Council of Ministers is dissolved, later on vacating the office of Chief Minister. Furthermore, the Vidhan Sabha is either prorogued or dissolved, necessitating a new election.

Prior to 2019, the constitution of the state of Jammu and Kashmir had a similar system of Governor's rule, under its Section 92. The state's governor issued a proclamation, after obtaining the consent of the President of India allowing Governor's rule for a period of up to six months after which President's rule under Article 356 of the Constitution of India can be imposed. After the revocation of Article 370, President's rule applies to Jammu and Kashmir under section 73 (since Article 356 of Constitution of India does not apply to union territories) of Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019.

Following the 1994 landmark judgment in S. R. Bommai v. Union of India, the Supreme Court of India restricted arbitrary impositions of President's rule.

Chhattisgarh and Telangana are the only states where the President's rule has never been imposed so far.<ref name=":6">Das, Anjishnu (29 August 2023). "13 years in J&K, 10 times in Manipur, UP: History of President's Rule" Template:Webarchive. Indian Express. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref> Manipur is the state where it has been invoked the most number of times, currently under the rule since February 2025 for the eleventh time.<ref name=":7" />

Imposition in state

In practice, President's rule has been imposed in a State under any one of the following different circumstances:

• A state Assembly is unable to elect a leader as Chief Minister for a time prescribed by the Governor of that State, at the Will of Governor.
• Breakdown of a coalition leading to the Chief Minister not having majority support in the Assembly; and the Chief minister fails/will definitely fail to prove otherwise, within a time prescribed by the Governor of that state.
• Loss of majority in the Assembly due to a vote of no-confidence in the house.
• Elections postponed for unavoidable reasons like war, epidemic, pandemic or natural disasters.
• On the report of the Governor of the State that the State's constitutional machinery or legislature fails to abide by Constitutional norms.

If approved by both Houses, President's rule can continue for 6 months. It can be extended for a maximum of 3 years with the approval of the Parliament done every 6 months; however in extreme rare cases it can be extended repeatedly if the Election Commission of India recommends that elections are not possible. If the Lok Sabha is dissolved during this time, the rule is valid for 30 days from the first sitting of the new Lok Sabha provided that this continuance has already been approved by Rajya Sabha. The 44th Amendment Act of 1978 introduced a new provision to put a restraint on the power of Parliament to extend the President's rule in a state. According to this provision, the president's rule can only be extended over a year, under the following conditions:

• There is already a national emergency throughout India, or in the whole or any part of the state.
• The Election Commission certifies that elections cannot be conducted in the state.

President's rule can be revoked at any time by the President and does not need Parliament's approval.

Until the mid-1990s, President's rule was often imposed in states through the abuse of authority of Governors who were in collusion with the Union government. The Supreme Court of India in March 1994 established a precedent in S. R. Bommai v. Union of India, due to which such abuse has been drastically reduced.

Imposition in Union territories with a Legislative Assembly

Article 356 is not applicable to Union territories, so there are many ways by which President's rule can be imposed in different Union territories with a Legislative Assembly.

Jammu and Kashmir

Until the revocation of special status and bifurcation into two Union territories, President's rule applied after the application of Governor's rule under the erstwhile state's constitution for 6 months.

After the revocation and bifurcation, the reorganized union territory of Jammu and Kashmir is subject to the section 73 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019, which is used to impose President's rule as the Article 356 is not applicable to Union Territories. The provision states:

73. If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, or otherwise, is satisfied,—

(a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or

(b) that for the proper administration of Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir it is necessary or expedient so to do,

the President may, by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act for such period as he thinks fit and makes such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir in accordance with the provisions of this Act.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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Delhi

In NCT of Delhi, President's rule is applied on the basis of Article 239AB of the Constitution of India (as the Article 356 is not applicable to Union Territories) which reads thus:

239AB. – If the President, on receipt of a report from the Lieutenant Governor or otherwise, is satisfied—

(a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the National Capital Territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of article 239AA or of any law made in pursuance of that article; or

(b) that for the proper administration of the National Capital Territory it is necessary or expedient so to do, the President may by order suspend the operation of any provision of Article 239AA or of all or any of the provisions of any law made in pursuance of that article for such period and subject to such conditions as maybe specified in such law and make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the National Capital Territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239 and article 239AA.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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Puducherry

In the union territory of Puducherry, President's rule is applied on the basis of Article 51 of the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Which thus reads

51. Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery. — If the President, on receipt of a report from the Administrator of the Union territory or otherwise, is satisfied,―

(a) that a situation has arisen in which the administration of the Union territory cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of this Act, or

(b) that for the proper administration of the Union territory it is necessary or expedient so to do, the President may, by order, suspend the operation of all or any of the provisions of this Act for such period as he thinks fit and make such incidental and consequential provisions as may appear to him to be necessary or expedient for administering the Union territory in accordance with the provisions of article 239.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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Criticism

Article 356 gives wide powers to the Union government to assert its authority over a state if civil unrest occurs and the state government does not have the means to end it. Though the purpose of this article is to give more powers to the Union government to preserve the unity and integrity of the nation, it has often been misused by the ruling parties at the centre, who used it as a pretext to dissolve state governments ruled by political opponents.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Thus, it is seen by many as a threat to the federal state system. Since the adoption of the Indian constitution in 1950, the Union government has used this 134 times to dissolve elected state governments by imposing President's rule.<ref name=":6" />

The article was used for the first time in Punjab on 20 June 1951. It was also used in the state of Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) and during the Vimochana Samaram to dismiss the democratically elected Communist state government of Kerala on 31 July 1959. In the 1970s and 1980s, it was common for the Union government to dismiss state governments led by opposition parties.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Indira Gandhi regime and post-emergency Janata Party were noted for this practice. Indira Gandhi's government between 1966 and 1977 is known to have imposed President's rule 39 times in different states.<ref>Template:Cite book.</ref> Similarly, the Janata Party which came to power after the emergency issued President's rule in 9 states which were ruled by Congress.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

The practice was limited only after the Supreme Court established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule in its ruling on the S. R. Bommai v. Union of India case in 1994. This landmark judgement has helped curtail the widespread abuse of Article 356. The judgement established strict guidelines for imposing President's rule. Subsequent pronouncements by the Supreme Court in Jharkhand and other states have further limited the scope for misuse of Article 356. Only since the early 2000s has the number of cases of imposition of President's rule has been drastically reduced.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Article 356 has always been the focal point of a wider debate of the federal structure of government in Indian polity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Sarkaria Commission Report on Centre-State Relations 1983 has recommended that Article 356 must be used "very sparingly, in extreme cases, as a measure of last resort, when all the other alternatives fail to prevent or rectify a breakdown of Constitutional machinery in the state".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> B. R. Ambedkar also said that it would be like a "dead letter" (i.e. would be used rarely).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

List of instances

State	Term	Date of imposition	Date of revocation	Duration	Reason(s) to impose the President's rule
Andhra Pradesh	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Breakdown of law & order due to Jai Andhra Agitation, in CM P. V. Narasimha Rao's tenure.<ref>Narayana Rao, K. V. (August 1977). "Mulki agitation in the Telangana and Andhra regions". Internal migration policies in an Indian state: A study of the Mulki rules in Hyderabad and Andhra Template:Webarchive (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Center for International Studies. p. 63. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Political impasse following the resignation of CM Kiran Kumar Reddy and several other congress party legislators from the Government as well as the Party, in protest against Indian Parliament passing Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Bill to bifurcate united Andhra Pradesh and create a separate Telangana state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> President's rule revoked from Telangana areas on 2 June 2014 and bifurcated Andhra Pradesh areas on 8 June 2014.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> President rule reimposed unlawfully by the President after the two months time limit without taking approval of the Parliament under Article 356.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Andhra State	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority.<ref>"When Centre stepped in" Template:Webarchive. Indian Express. 17 March 1970. p. 7. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref name=":0">Dua, Bhagwan D. (Spring 1977). Presidential rule in India: A study in crisis politics (PhD thesis). University of Alberta. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>Template:Rp
Arunachal Pradesh	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment during Janata party rule at the centre.<ref>Chawla, Prabhu (30 November 1979). "President's rule brings to an end political melodrama in Arunachal Pradesh" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	26 days	21 Congress MLAs joined hands with 11 of the BJP and two Independents, making the contemporary government a minority.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> Supreme Court declared the imposition of president rule as ultra vires and reinstated the dismissed Congress led government in the state. In a landmark judgement, it found fault with the unconstitutional role played by the Governor by interfering in the activities of legislatures and speaker of the Vidhan Shaba<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Assam	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	'Assam Agitation' against illegal foreign nationals staying in Assam started to take roots under the leadership of the All Assam Students' Union (AASU). The violence fuelled by United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) resulted in breakdown of law and order.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Congress (I) government led by Anwara Taimur representing immigrant minorities collapsed following intensification of 'Assam Agitation' against illegal foreign national staying in Assam.<ref>Sen, Sumanta (31 July 1981). "Assam set for another spell of political uncertainty after fall of Congress(I) ministry" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Congress (I) government led by Kesab Gogoi representing ethnic Asom people collapsed following continued violence in Assam.<ref>Sen, Sumanta (15 April 1982). "Assam: Congress(I) ministry led by Keshab Gogoi falls, President's Rule to return" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024</ref>
	4	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of AGP CM Prafulla Mahanta enjoying majority support in Assembly. The dismissal was triggered apparently by the threat to internal security due to banned organisation ULFA's activities.<ref>Sengupta, Uttam (15 December 1990). "Assam crisis puts government in catch-22 situation" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref> During the president's rule, Operation Bajrang was launched to flush out ULFA militants.<ref>Ahmed, Farzand (31 March 1991). "Three months after army moved in, Operation Bajrang makes little headway and ULFA remains potent force" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Bihar	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment.<ref name=":1">Siwach, J. R. (1979). Politics of President's Rule in India Template:Webarchive. Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study. OCLC 7583232. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>Template:Rp<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment due to split in ruling Congress party<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority following defections in a fluid political environment.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	4	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Jagannath Mishra enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2">Borders, William (1 May 1977). "Constitutional Conflict Ends in India as Acting President Accepts Order Dissolving Nine State Legislatures" Template:Webarchive. New York Times. p. 4. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref name=":3">Template:Cite journal</ref>
	5	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Ram Sundar Das enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":4">Louis, Arul B.; Chawla, Prabhu (15 March 1980). "PM Indira Gandhi dismisses governments in nine states, looks to put Congress in power" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	6	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	President's rule imposed for a brief period of one week to facilitate passage of vote on account (to permit day-to-day government expenses in Bihar) by Parliament while awaiting the results of Assembly elections held during the Chief Ministership of Lalu Prasad.<ref>Ahmed, Farzand (15 April 1995). "Stand-off between T. N. Seshan and Laloo Prasad Yadav leaves trail of woes for common man" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	7	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Breakdown of law and order, killings of 11 Dalits at Narayanpur. The Vajpayee Government, revoked the president's rule within 26 days since the coalition did not have a majority in the Rajya Sabha.<ref>Zarhani, Seyedhossein (December 2015). Dynamics of Governance and Development in India: A Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar after 1990 Template:Webarchive (PDF) (PhD thesis). Heidelberg University. pp. 186–187. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	8	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Indecisive outcome of elections. In a landmark judgement, Supreme Court ruled that the imposition of the president's rule without giving the chance to the elected legislatures to form new government is unconstitutional and mala fide act by the president.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Delhi	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Arvind Kejriwal resigned as Chief Minister after failing to table the Jan Lokpal Bill in the Delhi Assembly.<ref>Kumar, Devesh (17 February 2014). "President's Rule imposed in Delhi after Arvind Kejriwal's resignation" Template:Webarchive. NDTV. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Goa	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	C.M. resigned consequent upon his disqualification by High Court – No other Government found viable.<ref>Rahman, M. (15 January 1991). "Polls only solution for confused Goa assembly" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority and no alternate claimant to form next government.<ref>Abreu, Robin (22 February 1999). "Credible rule becomes a thing of the past in Goa" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM Pratap Sinh Rane.<ref>Sharma, Ravi (1 July 2005). "Another government in Goa" Template:Webarchive. Frontline. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>"Goa Cong accept President's Rule" Template:Webarchive. Times of India. 5 March 2005. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Goa, Daman and Diu	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	The Union Territory of Goa's Assembly was dissolved to conduct an opinion poll to determine whether Goa should be merged with Maharashtra.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority following split in the ruling MGP Party.<ref>Panchal, Chinu (31 May 1979). "Shashikala Kakodkar toppled from chief ministership of Goa by Babu Naik" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Gujarat	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority following vertical split in Congress during 1969 presidential election.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Chimanbhai Patel led Congress government resigned due to Navnirman Movement Anti-Corruption protests. The protesters forced MLA's resignations, forcing dissolution of assembly.<ref>Guha, Ramachandra (2007). "The Rivals". India after Gandhi: The history of the world's largest democracy. New York: HarperCollins. p. 476. Template:ISBN. Template:OCLC. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	"Non-Passage" of budget leading to collapse of government.<ref>"Janta Front govt in Gujarat suffers a two vote defeat" Template:Webarchive. India Today. 31 March 1976. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	4	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Babubhai J Patel enjoying majority support in the Assembly<ref name=":4" />
	5	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed following a controversial confidence vote. The Assembly was placed in suspended animation, which led to subsequent installation of Vaghela government, supported by Congress.<ref>"Going by the book, read anew, but large issues remain" Template:Webarchive. Frontline. 1 November 1997. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Haryana	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of having a tenuous majority.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of B D Gupta enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Rebellion in the ruling party.<ref>"Haryana placed under President's rule" Template:Webarchive. Indian Express. 7 April 1991. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Himachal Pradesh	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Thakur Ram Lal enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in the aftermath of the destruction of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":5">"Three BJP govts dismissed" Template:Webarchive. Indian Express. 16 December 1992. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Jammu and Kashmir (State)	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Sheikh Abdullah led National Conference government bowed out after being reduced to a minority following withdrawal of support by the Congress Party.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority.<ref>Dubey, Suman (31 March 1986). "Congress(I) withdraws support from G.M. Shah govt, paves way for governor's rule in J&K" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Increased Militancy, Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus & breakdown of law & order<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	5	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority following collapse of coalition. CM Gulam Nabi Azad's decision to transfer land for Amarnath pilgrimage led to PDP pulling out of coalition Govt.<ref>Ganguly, Sumit (7 May 2009). "Slow learning: lessons from India's counterinsurgency operations in Kashmir". In Fidler, David P.; Ganguly, Sumit (eds.). India and Counterinsurgency: Lessons Learned. New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 87. Template:ISBN. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	6	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Failure of Government formation after fractured verdict in Assembly elections. BJP & PDP reached an understanding to form an alliance to form Government in J&K.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
	7	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Death of chief minister Mufti Mohammad Sayeed.<ref>Ashiq, Peerzada (1 April 2016). "Mehbooba to be sworn in as J&K's first woman CM on April 4" Template:Webarchive. The Hindu. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	8	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Resignation of the Chief Minister following loss of coalition partner.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On 31 October 2019, Jammu and Kashmir state was split into two union territories, UT of Jammu and Kashmir and UT of Ladakh.
Jammu and Kashmir (Union Territory)	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Imposed under section 73 of Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 (Article 356 does not apply to Union Territories)
Jharkhand	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Political instability due to CM Shibu Soren's resignation following defeat in Tamar bypolls.<ref>"President's rule imposed in Jharkhand" Template:Webarchive. The Economic Times. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority.<ref>"President's rule in Jharkhand" Template:Webarchive. The Hindu. 1 June 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.</ref>
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority BJP's ruling coalition partner JMM withdrew its support to the government pushing it into a minority. Chief Minister Arjun Munda resigned and sought dissolution of the state Assembly.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Karnataka	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Congress CM Devraj Urs enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority of CM S. R. Bommai, followed by dissolution of Assembly.<ref>Rajghatta, Chidanand; Chawla, Prabhu (15 May 1989). "Janata Dal government in Karnataka falls, Governor Venkatasubbiah's role faces severe flak" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref> On an appeal by S. R. Bommai, in a landmark judgement delivered in 1994, the Indian Supreme Court laid out the procedure to be followed before dissolving an elected assembly. The historic ruling in this case reduced the scope for misuse of Article 356 by future central governments and governors.
	4	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government of Veerendra Patil dismissed by Prime Minister V. P. Singh and state was placed under president's rule with the assembly placed in suspended animation until next chief Minister was elected.<ref>Kumar, Yeshwanth; Awasthi, Dilip (31 October 1990). "Spate of communal violence hits Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	5	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority.<ref>"President's rule imposed in Karnataka" Template:Webarchive. India Today. 10 October 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>"President's rule in Karnataka revoked" Template:Webarchive. Times of India. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	6	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority.<ref>"Karnataka again under President's rule" Template:Webarchive. Hindustan Times. 20 November 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Kerala	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Communist CM EMS Namboodiripad enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority followed by indecisive outcome of elections.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	4	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority.<ref>Kartha, G. S. (31 December 1979). "Political instability brings Kerala under President's rule again for fourth time" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	5	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority due to withdrawal of support by Congress(S) and Kerala Congress(M).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
	6	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority following defection of Lonappan Nambadan.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp
Madhya Pradesh	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Shyama Charan Shukla enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Sundar Lal Patwa enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":4" />
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Govt. dismissed in the aftermath of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan destruction in Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":5" />
Maharashtra	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Govt. dismissed in spite of Sharad Pawar enjoying majority support in the Assembly.<ref name=":4" />
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Govt. dismissed since Congress Separated from its allies NCP and Others.<ref>"President's rule imposed in Maharashtra" Template:Webarchive. Times of India. 28 September 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	11 days	No party could form a government after a fractured election verdict and Shiv Sena broke the pre-poll alliance it had with the BJP.<ref>Singh, Vijaita (12 November 2019). "Maharashtra placed under President's Rule" Template:Webarchive. The Hindu. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref> See also: 2019 Maharashtra political crisis.
Manipur	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Short lived ministry collapsed following resignation of speaker, resulting in neither ruling nor opposition congress having a clear majority in the assembly. Assembly kept in suspended animation.<ref>"Centre takes over Manipur rule" Template:Webarchive. Indian Express. 26 October 1967. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Violent secessionist insurgency and statehood demands resulted in breakdown of law and order.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	4	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	President's rule was imposed even though the opposition had a "tenuous" majority and could have formed a government.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	5	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Collapse of Government following defections.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	6	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Discontent within Janata Party Government and corruption charges led to dismissal of government and dissolution of Assembly.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp
	7	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Incumbent Government fell following defections. Governor did not permit an alternate government to be formed by People's Democratic Front on the basis of his assessment regarding stability of the proposed ministry.<ref>Laithangbam, Swarnalata (31 March 1981). "President's rule imposed in Manipur, Congress(I) and PDF stake claim to rule" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	8	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Incumbent coalition Government fell following defections. president's rule imposed keeping assembly in suspension.<ref>"Manipur placed under Delhi rule" Template:Webarchive. Indian Express. 8 January 1992. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	9	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	1000 persons died in Naga-Kuki clashes and continued violence.<ref>"Manipur placed under Central rule" Template:Webarchive. Indian Express. 1 January 1994. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	10	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority.<ref>Chaudhuri, Kalyan (16 February 2002). "Uncertain in Manipur" Template:Webarchive. Frontline. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	11	13 February 2025	Incumbent	Template:Ayd	Chief Minister N. Biren Singh resigned following the 2023–2025 Manipur violence amidst a crisis of possible no-confidence motion.<ref name=":7">Template:Cite news</ref>
Meghalaya	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	The Centre imposed president's rule in Meghalaya in the wake of a political crisis after the then Speaker PR Kyndiah suspended five MLAs, mostly independents, on grounds of defection.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Majumdar, Sarbari (15 November 1991). "Biased rulings spark trouble in Meghalaya" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM Donkupar Roy.<ref>Karmakar, Rahul; Sharma, Nagendar (19 March 2009). "President's Rule in Meghalaya" Template:Webarchive. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Mizoram	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Mizo Union Ministry led by Chief Minister Chhunga resigned in May 1977, ostensibly to facilitate the progress of peace talks.<ref name=sinha2007>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Chief Minister Sailo's refusal to grant undue favours caused dissension in his party which led to the fall of his government and imposition of president's rule.<ref name=sinha2007/>Template:Rp
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Defections reduced the Government to minority.<ref>Menon, Ramesh (30 September 1988). "Mizoram comes under President's Rule" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Nagaland	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Defections and counter defections led to imposition of president's rule.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	The state was under a brief spell of central rule again after the Hokishe Sema-led Congress government was reduced to a minority.<ref>Menon, Ramesh (31 August 1988). "President's Rule imposed in Nagaland under questionable circumstances" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref> The decision was challenged in the Supreme Court in held to be invalid in 1994.
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Fluid party position and deteriorating law and order situation.<ref>Menon, R. (30 April 1992). "Nagaland, Manipur turn political hot spots" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	4	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed after controversial confidence vote secured in the Assembly by CM Neiphiu Rio.<ref>"President's Rule had become necessary in Nagaland: Governor" Template:Webarchive. India Today. 7 September 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>"President's rule revoked in Nagaland" Template:Webarchive. India Today. 12 March 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Odisha	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Harekrishna Mahtab led Congress-Gantantra Parishad Minority Government resigned on 21 February 1961 due to differences in the Congress Party. President's rule was imposed on 25 February 1961.<ref>Sethy, Rabindra Kumar (2003). Political Crisis and President's Rule in an Indian State. New Delhi: A. P. H. Publishing Company. pp. 134–135. Template:ISBN Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Break-up of coalition.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Facing imminent collapse of government, incumbent chief minister recommended dissolution of assembly and fresh elections.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	4	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Chief Minister Nandini Satpathy was forced out and assembly placed under suspended animation. A new Congress government was sworn in after revocation of president's rule.<ref>"Orissa Chief Minister Nandini Satpathy resigns" Template:Webarchive. India Today. 15 January 1977. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	5	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Binayak Acharya enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
	6	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Nilamani Routray enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":4" />
Patiala and East Punjab States Union	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	President's rule was invoked in the erstwhile PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union ) State when the Akali Dal government, led by Gian Singh Rarewala, was dismissed.<ref>"President's Rule for PEPSU" Template:Webarchive. Indian Express. 6 March 1953. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>"President's rule for PEPSU?" Template:Webarchive. Economic and Political Weekly. 5 (9): 235. 28 February 1953. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Puducherry	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Assembly was dissolved and president's rule imposed as opposition parties had a chance to form a government after the fall of the Congress government.<ref>"President takes over in Pondy" Template:Webarchive. Indian Express. 19 September 1968. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Assembly dissolved after fall of DMK government following decision of two ministers to join newly formed AIADMK.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Fall of coalition government of AIADMK, Congress(O) following division of votes by Congress(R) and DMK. The Assembly was dissolved.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	4	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Fall of government due to political instability.<ref>"Forty Years Ago: November 13, 1978" Template:Webarchive. Indian Express. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	5	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed following withdrawal of Congress(I) from coalition government. In spite of incumbent chief minister asking for an opportunity to prove his majority on the floor of the house, the assembly was dissolved.<ref>Chatterjee, Sibranjan (1992). "The Dismissal of the Ministry". Governor's Role in the Indian Constitution. New Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 136. Template:ISBN. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	6	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	DMK Government dismissed in spite of having a majority in the Assembly.<ref>Badhwar, Inderjit; Chawla, Prabhu (15 March 1991). "President R. Venkataraman faces criticism for playing partisan politics" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>"Pondy Assembly dissolved; uproarious scenes in LS" Template:Webarchive. Indian Express. 5 March 1991. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	7	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Congress Government resigned due to loss of majority and no alternate claimant to form next government.<ref>"President's Rule imposed in Puducherry" Template:Webarchive. Scroll.in. 25 February 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Punjab	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Pandit Nehru kept the Punjab Assembly in suspension for nine months and 28 days to help the state Congress government get its act together.<ref>Nayar, Baldev Raj (1968). "Punjab". In Weiner, Myron (ed.). State Politics in India. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 463–467. OCLC 501863. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	State administration was taken over, ostensibly to facilitate bifurcation of Punjab state into two, Punjab and Haryana.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Break-up of coalition.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	4	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Following poor performance in March, 1971 Lok Sabha Elections, incumbent Chief Minister advised dissolving state assembly and holding fresh elections to state legislature.<ref>Arora, Subhash Chander (1990). "Governor's Whim Prevails – 1971". President's Rule in Indian States: A Study of Punjab (1st ed.). Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp. 180–200. Template:ISBN</ref>
	5	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Giani Zail Singh enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
	6	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Parkash Singh Badal enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":4" />
	7	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Insurgency and breakdown of law and order.<ref>Gupta, Shekhar; Thukral, Gobind (31 October 1983). "Punjab crisis takes dramatic turn, Darbara Singh govt dismissed, President's Rule imposed" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	8	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Insurgency and breakdown of law and order.<ref>Chawla, G. S. (12 March 1987). "Punjab comes under President's rule: Assembly in suspended animation" Template:Webarchive. Indian Express. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Rajasthan	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Indecisive outcome of elections.<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Hari Dev Joshi enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":4" />
	4	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":5" />
Sikkim	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority following split in Kazi Lhendup Dorji led Janata Party government. The central government imposed president's rule and followed up with electoral reforms before ordering fresh elections.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Congress Government formed following induced collapse of Nar Bahadur Bhandari Sikkim Janata Parishad Government was dismissed as it did not enjoy a majority in the Assembly.<ref>Claiborne, William (26 May 1984). "Sikkim Put Under Federal Rule After Mass Party Shift" Template:Webarchive. Washington Post. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp
Tamil Nadu	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	The government headed by former chief minister M. Karunanidhi was dismissed by former prime minister Indira Gandhi in spite enjoying majority in the legislative assembly, due to charges of corruption while the Sarkaria Commission was set up to probe the allegations.<ref>Marthandam, Nambi (29 February 1976). "President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed dismisses DMK ministry, places Tamil Nadu under President's Rule" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	The government headed by former chief minister M. G. Ramachandran was dismissed by former prime minister Indira Gandhi in spite enjoying majority in the legislative assembly.<ref name=":4" />
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	The government headed by former chief minister V. N. Janaki Ramachandran was dismissed by former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi after controversial confidence vote secured by her in the legislative assembly.<ref>"TN Assembly dissolved: elections soon" Template:Webarchive. Indian Express. 31 January 1988. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	4	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	The government headed by former chief minister M. Karunanidhi was dismissed by former prime minister Chandra Shekhar on charges of supporting anti-national activities, in spite of the governor Surjit Singh Barnala's report and enjoying majority in the legislative assembly.<ref name="Congress had no role in dismissing DMK govt in 1991">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Travancore-Cochin	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority following split in Congress Party.<ref>Maheshwari, Shriram (1977). President's rule in India. New Delhi: Macmillan. Template:ISBN Template:OCLC</ref>Template:Rp
Tripura	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	In the backdrop of refugee influx due to Bangladesh Liberation War, split in the Congress and Communist agitation for Tripura to become a full-fledged state, president's rule was imposed. On 1 January 1972 Tripura became a State and assembly elections held subsequently.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Collapse of short lived government in a fluid political environment.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Elections postponed from 15 February 1993 to 3 April 1993 on account of deteriorating law and order situation. Caretaker CM resigns.<ref>Banerjee, R; Baweja, H (31 March 1993). "Prime Minister Narasimha Rao sacrifices Tripura Government to curry favour with the Left" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Uttar Pradesh	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority following withdrawal of support by Congress (R) led by Indira Gandhi.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Charan Singh Ministry supported by Congress collapsed following split in Congress party.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Chief Minister resigned as a result of the 1973 Provincial Armed Constabulary revolt.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	4	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Congress Government of H N Bahuguna tendered resignation due to infighting within the party.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp
	5	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of N D Tiwari enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />
	6	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Banarasi Das enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":4" />
	7	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in the aftermath of the destruction of Babri Masjid-Ram Janmasthan.<ref name=":5" />
	8	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Loss of majority following collapse of coalition followed by indecisive outcome of fresh elections.<ref>Swami, Venkitesh (1 November 1997). "A crisis defused" Template:Webarchive. The Hindu. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	9	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Indecisive outcome of elections.<ref>Mishra, Subhash (18 March 2002). "Imposition of President's rule in Uttar Pradesh comes as a boon to political parties" Template:Webarchive. India Today. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>"Uttar Pradesh put under President's rule" Template:Webarchive. Times of India. 10 March 2002. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
Uttarakhand	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Collapse of CM Harish Rawat's ministry following a split in the state unit of Congress party. In the hearing of related case, Uttarakhand High Court declared the president's rule imposition by the President unconstitutional and restored the Harish Rawat's led government in the state.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Supreme Court of India held the stay on Uttarakhand High Court's verdict thus reinstating the president's rule in the state.<ref>Sinha, Bhadra (23 April 2016). "SC stays Uttarakhand HC order which set aside President's Rule in state" Template:Webarchive. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref><ref>Pandey, Sidharth (15 May 2016). Singh, Veer Arjun (ed.). "President's Rule Lifted From Uttarakhand, Congress Back In Power: 10 Points" Template:Webarchive. NDTV. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
West Bengal	1	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	State placed under president's rule following collapse of two successive short lived coalition governments.<ref>"President takes over West Bengal" Template:Webarchive. Indian Express. 21 February 1968. p. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</ref>
	2	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Collapse of United Front Coalition between Bangla Congress and CPI(M).<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
	3	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Collapse of Democratic Coalition following split in Bangla Congress.<ref name=":1" />Template:Rp<ref name=":0" />Template:Rp
	4	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Date table sorting	Template:Ayd	Government dismissed in spite of Siddhartha Shankar Ray enjoying majority support in Assembly.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

See also

• Direct rule
• Federal intervention (A similar procedure used in Argentina)
• Federalism in India
• Part Eighteen of the Constitution of India

External links

• Article 355 and 356 text from wikisource
• Discusses the instances where presidents rule has been invoked
• Lok Sabha Secretariat's report on President's Rule