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Princess of Wales

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Princess of Wales (Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is a title used since the 14th century by the wife of the Prince of Wales. The Princess is the apparent future queen consort, as "Prince of Wales" is a title reserved by custom for the heir apparent to the British throne, and earlier the English throne. The current title-holder is Catherine (née Middleton).

When the title was first recorded it was not connected to the English throne; it developed in an independent Wales when it was held by Eleanor de Montfort, wife of the native Prince of Wales Llywelyn ap Gruffydd.

BackgroundEdit

Prior to "Princess" (Welsh: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) the title of "Queen" (Welsh: {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) was used by some spouses of the rulers of Wales. Examples are Angharad ferch Owain, wife of Gruffudd ap Cynan, and Cristin verch Goronwy, wife of Gruffudd's son, Owain Gwynedd (specifically, she was known as "Queen Dowager").<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The title in independent WalesEdit

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Joan (Siwan)Edit

Joan, also known as Siwan (her Welsh name), was the illegitimate daughter of John of England. She was the wife of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth (initially King of Gwynedd), effective ruler of all of Wales.<ref name="ODNB">Kate Norgate and A. D. Carr: "Joan [Siwan", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: OUP, 2004), Retrieved 2 February 2019.]</ref> During her tenure, she used the titles "Lady of Wales" and "Lady of Snowdon".

Eleanor de Montfort and GwenllianEdit

File:Gwenllian memorial Sempringham.jpg
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Following her wedding ceremony in 1278, Eleanor de Montfort was officially known as Princess of Wales.<ref name=":1">Bliss, W. H., editor. Calendar of Papal Registers Relating To Great Britain and Ireland: Volume 1, 1198–1304. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1893.</ref><ref name=":3">Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1272–81, 306; CPR, 1281–92, 11</ref><ref name=":5">Calendar of Ancient Correspondence, 75–76</ref><ref name=":6">Foedera I, ii, 576, 584, 587</ref> On 19 June 1282, she died giving birth to her first child, Gwenllian.<ref>The Chronicle of Bury St Edmunds, pp. 74–76</ref>

The infant was captured by English forces the following year, after her father, Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, was killed in December 1282. At Edward I's orders, she was kept in the remote Sempringham Priory in Lincolnshire, where she remained until her death in 1337.Template:Citation needed

Gwenllian's status was acknowledged at least once by the English Crown. When writing to the pope, attempting to secure more money for Sempringham Priory, the king stated that "...herein is kept the Princess of Wales, whom we have to maintain". The title "Princess of Wales" as used here did not have its usual accepted meaning.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=":0" />

Margaret Hanmer and Catrin, daughter of GlyndŵrEdit

Margaret Hanmer, sometimes known as Marred ferch Dafydd (her Welsh name), was the wife of Owain Glyndŵr.<ref>The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, and the Ancient Nobility of Powys Fadog. 1. London: T. Richards. pp. 199, 211–219. The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, and the Ancient Nobility of Powys Fadog. 1. London: T. Richards. pp. 199, 211–219.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Some modern historians have accorded her the title "Princess of Wales".<ref>Deborah Fisher, Princesses of Wales (University of Wales Press, 2005)</ref>

Catrin was one of the children of Owain Glyndŵr and Margaret Hanmer. In November 1402, she married Edmund Mortimer, the second son of Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March and through his mother, a great-grandson of Edward III of England.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Edmund Mortimer died during the siege of Harlech Castle in 1409, of unknown causes.<ref>The Last Mab Darogan, Charles Parry (Novasys, 2010) pp. 273–4.</ref> Catrin was subsequently captured alongside her three daughters, and they were taken to the Tower of London, along with Catrin's mother and one of her sisters. The deaths and burials of Catrin and her daughters are recorded, but the causes of their deaths remain unknown. They were laid to rest at St Swithin's Church in London.<ref>Issues of the Exchequer, Hen. III – Hen. VI, ed. F Devon (Record Commission, 1837), p. 327</ref>

ListEdit

Image Name Birth Spouse Death Notes
File:Ffenestr liw'r Dywysoges Siwan yn Nhrefriw Sir Conwy 2014.png Joan 1191 Llywelyn ab Iorwerth 2 February 1237 Known as Siwan in Welsh;
Lady of Wales and Snowdon;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Proposed to have been Princess of Wales<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Isabella de Braose 1222 Dafydd ap Llywelyn 1248 Proposed to have been Princess of Wales<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
File:Eleanor de Montfort.png Eleanor de Montfort 1252 Llywelyn ap Gruffydd 19 June 1282 Princess of Wales;
Lady of Snowdon<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":5"/><ref name=":6"/>
File:Bedd y Dywysoges Elizabeth Ferrers, gwraig Dafydd ap Gruffudd 10.jpg Elizabeth Ferrers 1250 Dafydd ap Gruffydd 1300 Proposed to have been Princess of WalesTemplate:Citation needed
Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn June 1282 7 June 1337 Princess of Wales;<ref name=":2" />
daughter of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd
Margaret Hanmer 1370 Owain Glyndŵr 1420 Later attributed<ref>Deborah Fisher, Princesses of Wales (University of Wales Press, 2005)</ref>
Catrin ferch Owain Glyndŵr Edmund Mortimer 1413 Proposed to have been Princess of Wales;
daughter of Owain Glyndŵr<ref>Issues of the Exchequer, Hen. III – Hen. VI, ed. F Devon (Record Commission, 1837), p. 327</ref>

Spouse of the British (formerly English) heir apparentEdit

Cecily Neville, wife of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, is omitted from this list. While her husband was briefly given various titles, including Prince of Wales, by an Act of Parliament as part of his arrangement to succeed Henry VI, he is not generally recognised as such and is not mentioned in any published summary of the topic.

Although not granted the title in her own right, the future Mary I was, during her youth, invested by her father, Henry VIII, with many of the rights and properties traditionally given to the Prince of Wales, including the use of the official seal of Wales for correspondence. For most of her childhood, Mary was her father's only legitimate child, and for this reason, she was often referred to as the Prince(ss) of Wales, although Henry never formally created her as such. For example, contemporary scholar Juan Luis Vives dedicated his Satellitium Animi to "Dominæ Mariæ Cambriæ Principi, Henrici Octavi Angliæ Regis Filiæ" ("Lady Mary, Prince of Wales, Daughter of Henry VIII, King of England").<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Welsh politicians suggested that George VI's elder daughter, Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II), be granted the title on her 18th birthday, but he rejected the idea because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the title of the heir apparent.<ref name=Pimlott>Template:Cite book</ref>

Camilla, Charles III's second wife, was the Princess of Wales from 2005 to 2022, but did not use the title due to its popular association with her husband's first wife, Diana. Camilla chose to be known as "Duchess of Cornwall" instead, which is traditionally a subsidiary title.<ref name="parliament">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 9 September 2022, a day after his accession to the throne, Charles III bestowed the title of "Prince of Wales" upon his elder son, William, hence making his wife, Catherine, the Princess of Wales.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ListEdit

Image Previous name Coat of Arms Birth Marriage Became Princess of Wales Spouse Change in style Death Notes
File:Joan of Kent.jpg Joan of Kent 19 September 1328 10 October 1361 Edward of Woodstock 7 June 1376
Husband's death;
became Dowager Princess of Wales 		7 August 1385  
File:Anne Neville portrait.jpg Anne Neville 11 June 1456 13 December 1470 Edward of Westminster 4 May 1471
Husband's death;
became Dowager Princess of Wales 		16 March 1485 Later became queen consort as the wife of Richard III
File:Catalina de Aragón, por un artista anónimo.jpg Catherine of Aragon 16 December 1485 Template:Small
14 November 1501 		Arthur Tudor 2 April 1502
Husband's death;
became Dowager Princess of Wales<ref>Courtney Herber, 'Katherine of Aragon: Diligent Diplomat and Learned Queen', Aidan Norrie, Tudor and Stuart Consorts: Power, Influence, and Dynasty (Palgrave Macmillan, 2022), p. 58.</ref> 		7 January 1536 Later became queen consort as the wife of Henry VIII
File:Caroline Wilhelmina of Brandenburg-Ansbach by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg Wilhelmina Charlotte Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 1 March 1683 22 August 1705 27 September 1714<ref>e.g. copies of London Gazette, 1714–1727.</ref> George Augustus 11 June 1727
Husband acceded to throne as George II;
became queen consort<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> 		20 November 1737  
File:Augusta of Saxe-Gotha, Princess of Wales by Charles Philips.jpg Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg File:Coat of Arms of Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Princess of Wales.svg 30 November 1719 17 April 1736<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> Frederick Louis 31 March 1751
Husband's death;
became Dowager Princess of Wales 		8 February 1772  
File:Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.jpg Caroline Amelia Elizabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 17 May 1768 8 April 1795<ref>Robins, Jane (2006). Rebel Queen: The Trial of Queen Caroline. Simon & Schuster. p. 80. Template:ISBN</ref> George Augustus Frederick 29 January 1820
Husband acceded to throne as George IV;
became queen consort<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> 		7 August 1821  
File:Queen Alexandra, the Princess of Wales.jpg Alexandra Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise Julia of Denmark File:Coat of Arms of Alexandra of Denmark as Princess of Wales.svg 1 December 1844 10 March 1863<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> Albert Edward 22 January 1901
Husband acceded to throne as Edward VII;
became queen consort<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> 		20 November 1925  
File:Mary, Princess of Wales, 1905.jpg Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes of Teck File:Coat of Arms of Mary of Teck as Princess of Wales.svg 26 May 1867 6 July 1893 9 November 1901<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> George Frederick Ernest Albert 6 May 1910
Husband acceded to throne as George V;
became queen consort<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> 		24 March 1953  
File:Princess Diana 1985.jpg Diana Frances Spencer File:Coat of Arms of Diana, Princess of Wales (1981-1996).svg 1 July 1961 29 July 1981<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Charles Philip Arthur George citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

31 August 1997  
File:CHOGM Commonwealth Big Lunch on April 17, 2018 - 007 (cropped).jpg Camilla Rosemary Shand File:Coat of Arms of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.svg 17 July 1947 9 April 2005<ref>Template:Cite Hansard {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

8 September 2022
Husband acceded to throne as Charles III;
became queen consort<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> 		living Known as Duchess of Cornwall during her tenure
File:Princess of Wales in 2023 (cropped)03.JPG Catherine Elizabeth Middleton File:Coat of arms of Catherine, Princess of Wales.svg 9 January 1982 29 April 2011 citation CitationClass=web

}}</ref>

William Arthur Philip Louis Incumbent living  

See alsoEdit

NotesEdit

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BibliographyEdit

Further readingEdit

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