Privileged partnership

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Privileged partnership is a generic term for increased cooperation between the European Union and a non-EU country to advance common goals,<ref name="NeighboursJHA">Template:Cite journal</ref> often without pursuing EU membership.<ref name="Leggewie">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Wesley">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Sevilay">Template:Cite journal</ref>

History

The term was initially used to describe an alternative to EU membership for Turkey that was first floated in November 2002 by Heinrich August Winkler in Die Zeit<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and later formally proposed in 2004,<ref name="dipobs">"WHAT IS PRIVILEGED PARTNERSHIP FOR?", Diplomatic Observer, 16 July 2009, see Template:Usurped</ref><ref name="nyt">"Preserving Europe : Offer Turkey a privileged partnership instead" By Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Wednesday, 15 December 2004, see here</ref> although the term was used previously in 2003 to describe a proposed relationship with Russia<ref name="pravda">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was also used in 2004 for a proposed relationship with Israel.<ref name="euobs17914">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Since that time, the term has been used for alternatives for EU membership for Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, North Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, and Kosovo.<ref name="euobs21163">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It has since been used retrospectively to characterize relationships with the countries<ref name="com2004373">"COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION, European Neighbourhood Policy STRATEGY PAPER, Brussels, 12.5.2004 COM(2004) 373 final see here</ref><ref name="Chifu">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="bmeia">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy that were first proposed in the Commission Communication of March 2003,<ref name="com2003104">Template:Citation</ref> and is also used for the EU's bilateral relationship with Tunisia<ref name="ansamed">"EU-Tunisia: privileged partnership in November, Barroso says: Fule and Bettaieb sign financial aid plans for health, justice" 02 OCTOBER, 19:13, ANSAMed, see here</ref><ref name="tunisialive">"Tunisia to become Privileged Partner to European Union", Hend Hassassi, 29 October 2012, see here Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name="almonitor">"Tunisia’s Privileged Partnership With the European Union", Nadya B’Chir. Translated from Business News (Tunisia), November 2012 see here Template:Webarchive</ref> and with Russia.<ref name="milcher">Template:Citation</ref>

Ultimately, the term dates back to 1957 when it was used to characterize Morocco's relationship with the European Economic Community.<ref name="warning">"Neighborhood and Enlargement Policy: Comparing the Democratization Impact of the European Union in Morocco and Turkey", Martina Warning, WP 4/2006, CIRES (Italian Research Centre for European Studies), see here Template:Webarchive</ref>

By country

Albania

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Albania.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

Algeria

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Algeria.<ref name="bmeia"/>

Armenia

Template:See also The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Armenia.<ref name="bmeia"/>

Azerbaijan

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Azerbaijan.<ref name="bmeia"/>

Belarus

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Belarus.<ref name="bmeia"/>

Bosnia and Herzegovina

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

Croatia

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Croatia. The option was dropped in favor of full membership. Croatia joined the union in July 2013.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

Egypt

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Egypt.<ref name="bmeia"/>

North Macedonia

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for North Macedonia.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

Georgia

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Georgia.<ref name="bmeia"/>

Israel

The term was used by Spanish foreign minister Miguel Ángel Moratinos, who spoke out for a "privileged partnership, offering all the benefits of EU membership, without participation in the institutions" for Israel.<ref name="euobs17914"/> It was also used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Israel.<ref name="bmeia"/>

Jordan

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Jordan.<ref name="bmeia"/>

Kosovo

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Kosovo.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

Lebanon

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Lebanon.<ref name="bmeia"/>

Libya

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Libya.<ref name="bmeia"/>

Moldova

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Moldova.<ref name="bmeia"/>

Morocco

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Morocco.<ref name="bmeia"/>

Palestine

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including the Palestinian Authority.<ref name="bmeia"/>

Russia

French President Jacques Chirac used the term for a proposed Russia-EU relationship at the Russia-EU summit in 2003.<ref name="pravda"/>

Serbia and Montenegro

The term was used for a proposed alternative to EU membership for Serbia and Montenegro.<ref name="euobs21163"/>

Syria

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Syria.<ref name="bmeia"/>

Tunisia

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Tunisia.<ref name="bmeia"/>

Turkey

Privileged partnership (Template:Langx) was the term used by Angela Merkel in February 2004<ref name="dipobs"/> to describe a future relationship between Turkey and the European Union which fell short of full membership. The proposal was advanced by CDU/CSU members.<ref name="nyt"/>

Ukraine

The term has been used for the proposed relationship with the countries considered in 2004 for the European Neighbourhood Policy, including Ukraine.<ref name="bmeia"/>

United Kingdom

The term was used by Jacques Delors for a proposed relationship between the European Union and the United Kingdom should it exit the EU.<ref name="france24">"Britain could leave EU, says Jacques Delors", 28/12/2012, from France 24, see here</ref>

See also

• Eastern Partnership
• Enlargement of the European Union
• European integration
• European Union Association Agreement
• Potential enlargement of the European Union