Procopius (usurper)
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox Roman emperor
Procopius (Template:IPAc-en;<ref>Template:Cite Merriam-Webster</ref> Ancient Greek: Προκόπιος; July 325 – 27 May 366) was a Roman usurper against Valens.
LifeEdit
Procopius was born in July 325,<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae 26.11. "Procopius departed this life at the age of forty years and ten months."</ref> in Corycus, Cilicia (now Turkey).Template:Sfn On his mother's side, Procopius was a maternal cousin to Emperor Julian, since their maternal grandfather was Julius Julianus. His first wife was probably Artemisia.Template:Sfn The Roman general of the 5th century Procopius and his son, the Emperor Anthemius, were among his descendants, the first being the son of his son Procopius.Template:Sfn
During the reign of Constantius II, he served as tribunus et notarius for a long period of time. By 358, the emperor trusted him enough to send him with Lucillianus as an envoy to the Sassanid court.Template:Sfn His career granted him the opportunity to build many important connections, as well as to help him understand the structure of the imperial government.Template:Sfn
Persian campaignEdit
When Julian departed from Constantinople in the spring of 362, his objective was clear: to launch a swift, decisive campaign against the Sasanian Empire rather than engage in a prolonged war. His primary aim was to strike directly at the Sassanid capital Ctesiphon and force Shapur II into a battle or negotiations.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> Procopius entered Julian's retinue and took part in his campaign against the Sassanids in 363.Template:Sfn After leaving Antioch on March 5, 363, Julian’s army quickly crossed the Euphrates river, gathering at Carrhae shortly thereafter.
Into enemy territoryEdit
Meanwhile, Procopius was entrusted with fortifying Roman defenses in Mesopotamia. Tasked with leading a force of around 30,000 men, Procopius and his subordinate, Sebastianus, were stationed to defend key positions along the Upper Tigris River, anticipating an advance from Shapur’s forces.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Procopius was tasked with coordinating Roman defensive efforts in the east, specifically working with King Arsaces II of Armenia to secure the strategically vital Bitlis Pass.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> Procopius' efforts were vital in securing the eastern front and preparing for the Persian response to Julian's offensive.<ref name=":0" />
Procopius prepared for the possibility of advancing his troops southward to join with Emperor Julian’s soldiers in Assyria.<ref name=":1" /> This location was crucial for controlling access between the Roman and Persian spheres of influence, and its defense was integral to safeguarding the Roman presence in the region.<ref name=":1">François Paschoud, Zosime. Histoire Nouvelle (Paris: Société d'édition "Les Belles Lettres," 1979), II.1, n. 33, pp. 106–109.</ref> In a display of military strategy, Emperor Julian led a formidable force of 65,000 soldiers down the Euphrates River within just eight weeks.<ref name=":2" /> However, Julian was fatally injured in a skirmish on June 26, bringing an abrupt end to the ill-fated campaign. When Procopius reached the main Roman army near Thilsaphata, between Nisibis and Singara, he met the new emperor, Jovian.<ref name=":0" />
Though Julian had died without naming a successor,Template:Sfn a rumor spread that he had ordered Procopius to take the purple in case of his death.Template:Sfn Fearing Jovian's wrath, which had caused the death of another army candidate to the throne (Jovianus),Template:Sfn Procopius went into hiding, but later supervised the transport of Julian's body to Tarsus and its subsequent burial,Template:Sfn and only later went to Caesarea with his family.<ref>According to Philostorgius, since his wife could not bear their escape, Procopius went to Caesarea, but to live in one of Eunomius's properties (Historia Ecclesiastica 9.5).</ref>Template:Sfn
After Jovian's death, the new emperors, Valentinian I and Valens, sent some soldiers to arrest Procopius.Template:Sfn He surrendered, but asked to meet his family; he had his captors dine and drink, and then seized the opportunity to flee with his family, first to the Black Sea and later to the Tauric Chersonese, where they hid.Template:Sfn However, Procopius lived in constant fear of betrayal or exposure, and decided to go to Constantinople, the Empire's capital, to ask Strategius for help.Template:Sfn
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Becoming aware of discontent caused by the policies of Valens's praetorian prefect and father-in-law, Petronius,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Procopius decided to declare himself Emperor. He bribed two legions which were then resting at Constantinople to support his efforts, and took control of the imperial city. Shortly after this he proclaimed himself Emperor on 28 September 365, and quickly took control of the provinces of Thrace, and later Bithynia.Template:Sfn Procopius promoted himself as an educated philosopher, well versed in the Greek language of the Eastern Empire, and highlighted Valens's weakness in this area, to gain the support of the Hellenized Eastern aristocrats.Template:Sfn He also emphasized his link to the Constantinian dynasty by appearing in public with Constantius II’s widow Faustina and their daughter Constantia, an act which Ammianus considered to have earned him greater support.Template:Sfn
Though Valens initially despaired of subduing the rebellion, and was inclined to come to terms with the usurper, he quickly rallied, guided by the counsels of Salutius and Arintheus, and the superior ability of his generals prevailed in two battles at Thyatira and Nacolia where Procopius's forces were defeated.<ref>Edward Gibbon,The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire, (The Modern Library, 1932), chap. XXV., p. 852, 853</ref> He fled the battlefield, and was for a while a fugitive in the wilds of Phrygia, but was soon betrayed to Valens due to the treachery of his two generals Agilonius and Gomoarius, he was captured. Valens had his rival executed on 27 May 366Template:Sfn through beheading.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn His head was then sent to Valens's elder brother and co-emperor Valentinian I.Template:Sfn