Provinces of Korea
Template:Short description Korea has had administrative districts that can be considered provinces since the 7th century. These divisions were initially called ju (Template:Korean) in Unified Silla and Later Baekje, and there were nine in total. After Goryeo conquered these states in the 10th century, twelve divisions called mok (Template:Korean) were established, although they were reorganized into ten do (Template:Korean) in the 11th century.
After Joseon's conquest of Goryeo, it established the Eight Provinces in 1413. These provincial boundaries closely reflected major regional and dialect boundaries, and are still significant in contemporary Korea. In 1895, as part of the Gabo Reform, the country was redivided into 23 districts (Bu; 부; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), which were replaced a year later by thirteen new provinces. The thirteen provinces of 1896 included three of the original eight provinces, with the five remaining original provinces divided into north and south halves (Bukdo (북도; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and Namdo (남도; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) respectively). The thirteen provinces remained unchanged throughout the Japanese colonial period.
With the liberation of Korea in 1945, the Korean peninsula was divided into North Korea and South Korea, with the dividing line established along the 38th parallel. Three provinces—Hwanghae, Gyeonggi, and Gangwon (Kangwŏn)—were modified or split as a part of this. The special cities of Seoul (South Korea) and P'yŏngyang (North Korea) were formed in 1946. Between 1946 and 1954, five new provinces were created: Jeju in South Korea, and North and South Hwanghae, Chagang, and Ryanggang in North Korea. With the freezing of the Korean War in 1953, provincial boundaries were again modified between the two Koreas, and have since remained mostly unchanged; new cities and special administrative regions have since been created in their provinces.
Provinces of Unified SillaEdit
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The Korean peninsula was mostly unified for the first time by the state Silla in the 7th century.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Silla's capital was Geumseong (now Gyeongju).<ref>Template:Citation</ref> It had five sub-capitals (Template:Korean) at Geumgwan-gyeong (Template:Korean, now Gimhae), Namwon-gyeong (남원경, Namwon), Seowon-gyeong (Template:Korean, Cheongju), Jungwon-gyeong (Template:Korean, Chungju), and Bugwon-gyeong (Template:Korean, Wonju).<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
The country was divided into nine provinces (Template:Korean): three in the pre-660 territory of Silla, and three each in the territories of the former kingdoms Baekje and Goguryeo.<ref name=":0">Template:Citation</ref>
| Province | Hangul | Hanja | Capital | Modern equivalent | Former kingdom |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Ill | 양주 | lang}} | Yangju | Eastern Gyeongsang | Silla |
| Template:Ill | 강주 | lang}} | Gangju | Western South Gyeongsang | |
| Template:Ill | 상주 | lang}} | Sangju | Western North Gyeongsang | |
| Template:Ill | 무주 | lang}} | Muju | South Jeolla | Baekje |
| Template:Ill | 전주 | lang}} | Jeonju | North Jeolla | |
| Template:Ill | 웅주 | lang}} | Gongju | South Chungcheong | |
| Template:Ill | 한주 | lang}} | Hanju | North Chungcheong, Gyeonggi, Hwanghae | Goguryeo |
| Template:Ill | 삭주 | lang}} | Sakju | Western Gangwon | |
| Template:Ill | 명주 | lang}} | Myeongju | Eastern Gangwon |
Provinces of GoryeoEdit
Goryeo was established in the 10th century, and had its capital at Gaegyeong (now Kaesong). It conquered Silla and Later Baekje, and also conquered parts of the former territory of Goguryeo.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Goryeo had three subcapitals: Donggyeong (now Gyeongju), Namgyeong (now Seoul), and Seogyeong (now Pyongyang).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Goryeo reorganized its provinces several times. Originally, the country had one royal district (Template:Korean) around Gaegyeong and twelve administrative districts (Template:Korean).<ref name=":2">Template:Citation</ref> In 995, the twelve districts were redivided into ten provinces (Template:Korean).<ref name=":1">Template:Citation</ref> In 1005,<ref name=":1" />Template:Clarify the ten provinces were again redivided, this time into five provinces and two frontier districts (Template:Korean). Gyojudo later became its own province after 1178, making it six provinces and two frontier districts.
| Provinces (pre-995)<ref name=":2" /> | Provinces (995–1005)<ref name=":1" /> | Provinces (post-1005)<ref>Template:Citation</ref> |
Modern equivalent | Silla equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yangju-mok ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) | Gwannae-do | Seohae-do (西海道,서해도) | Hwanghae | Hanju |
| Hwangju-mok ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) | North Hwanghae | |||
| Haeju-mok ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) | South Hwanghae | |||
| Gwangju-mok ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) | Yanggwang-do(楊廣道,양광도) | Gyeonggi | ||
| Chungju-mok ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) | Jungwon-do | North Chungcheong | ||
| Cheongju-mok | Ungju | |||
| Gongju-mok | Hanam-do | South Chungcheong | ||
| Jeonju-mok ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) | Gangnam-do | Jeolla-do(전라도) | Jeonbuk | Jeonju |
| Naju-mok | Haeyang-do(해양도) | South Jeolla | Muju | |
| Seungju-mok | ||||
| Sangju-mok | Yeongnam-do | Gyeongsang-do(경상도) | North Gyeongsang | Sangju |
| Jinju-mok | Sannam-do | Western South Gyeongsang | Gangju | |
| Yeongdong-do | Eastern South Gyeongsang | Yangju | ||
| — | Sakbang-do | Gyoju-do(교주도,交州道),also known as gyoju gangneungdo(交州江陵道,교주강릉도)Template:Efn | Gangwon | Sakju |
| — | Donggye(東界,동계),also known as Dongbukmyeon(東北面,동북면) | Myeongju | ||
| — | Paeseo-do | Bukgye(北界,북계),Also known as Seobukmyeon(西北面,서북면)) | Pyeongan | — |
Provinces of JoseonEdit
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In 1413, Korea (at that time called Joseon) was divided into eight provinces: Chungcheong, Gangwon, Gyeonggi, Gyeongsang, Jeolla, Hamgyŏng (originally called Yeonggil), Hwanghae (originally called P'unghae), and P'yŏngan.
Districts of Late Joseon periodEdit
In 1895, Korea was redivided into 23 districts (Bu; 부; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}), each named for the city or county that was its capital. The districts were short-lived, however, as the following year, the provincial system was restored.
- Andong
- Chuncheon
- Chungju
- Daegu
- Dongnae
- Gangneung
- Gongju
- Haeju
- Hamhŭng
- Hanseong
- Hongju
- Incheon
- Jeju
- Jeonju
- Jinju
- Kaesŏng
- Kanggye
- Kapsan
- Kyŏngsŏng
- Naju
- Namwon
- P'yŏngyang
- Ŭiju
Provinces of the Korean EmpireEdit
In 1896, the former eight provinces were restored, with five of them (Chungcheong, Gyeongsang, Jeolla, Hamgyŏng, and P'yŏngan) being divided into North and South Provinces (Bukdo (북도; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and Namdo (남도; {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) respectively). The resulting system of thirteen provinces lasted until the Division of Korea in 1945.
The thirteen provinces were: North and South Chungcheong, Gangwon, Gyeonggi, North and South Gyeongsang, North and South Hamgyŏng, Hwanghae, North and South Jeolla, and North and South P'yŏngan.
Provinces of ChōsenEdit
Under Colonial Japanese rule, Korean provinces of Korean Empire, remained much the same, only taking on the Japanese reading of the hanja. The Provinces of Chōsen were:
| Japanese name | Kanji | Kana | Korean name | Hangul |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chūseihoku-dō | lang}} | lang}} | Chungcheongbuk-do | lang}} |
| Chūseinan-dō | lang}} | lang}} | Chungcheongnam-do | lang}} |
| Keishōhoku-dō | lang}} | lang}} | Gyeongsangbuk-do | lang}} |
| Keishōnan-dō | lang}} | lang}} | Gyeongsangnam-do | lang}} |
| Heianhoku-dō | lang}} | lang}} | Pyeonganbuk-do | lang}} |
| Heian'nan-dō | lang}} | lang}} | Pyeongannam-do | lang}} |
| Kōgen-dō | lang}} | lang}} | Gangwon-do | lang}} |
| Kōkai-dō | lang}} | lang}} | Hwanghae-do | lang}} |
| Kankyōhoku-dō | lang}} | lang}} | Hamgyeongbuk-do | lang}} |
| Kankyōnan-dō | lang}} | lang}} | Hamgyeongnam-do | lang}} |
| Zenranan-dō | lang}} | lang}} | Jeollanam-do | lang}} |
| Zenrahoku-dō | lang}} | lang}} | Jeollabuk-do | lang}} |
| Keiki-dō | lang}} | lang}} | Gyeonggi-do | lang}} |
Provincial divisions since the division of KoreaEdit
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At the end of World War II in 1945, Korea was divided into Northern Korea and Southern Korea under trusteeship of the Soviet Union and the United States. The peninsula was divided at the 38th parallel in 1945. In 1948, the two zones became the independent countries of North Korea and South Korea.
Three provinces—Hwanghae, Gyeonggi, and Gangwon—were divided by the 38th parallel.
- Most of Hwanghae Province belonged to the Northern zone. The southern portion became part of Gyeonggi Province in the south.
- Most of Gyeonggi Province belonged to the Southern zone. In 1946, the northern portion became part of Hwanghae Province in the north.
- Gangwon Province was divided roughly in half, to form modern-day Gangwon Province in South Korea and Kangwon Province in North Korea. The northern province is expanded in 1946 to include some area around the city of Wonsan (Originally part of South Hamgyong Province)
Also in 1946, the cities of Seoul in the south and Pyongyang in the north separated from Gyeonggi and South Pyongan Provinces respectively to become Special Cities. Both North Korea and South Korea have subsequently upgraded other cities to a level equal to a province, and these cities (special cities of North Korea and special cities of South Korea [qq.v.]) are sometimes counted along with provinces.
Finally, the new provinces of Jeju Province (in the south, in 1946) and Chagang Province (in the north, 1949) were formed, from parts of South Jeolla and North Pyongan respectively. In 1954, Ryanggang Province was split from South Hamgyong and Hwanghae was divided into North and South Hwanghae Provinces.
The following table lists the present provincial divisions in the Korean Peninsula.
- Notes
- 1 See Names of Seoul.
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
- Nahm, Andrew C. (1988). Korea: Tradition and Transformation - A History of the Korean People. Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym International.
- Nahm 1988 (in Korean).