Psychedelic soul
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Psychedelic soul (originally called black rock<ref name=Harrington2002/> or conflated with psychedelic funk<ref name=echard>Template:Cite book</ref>) is a form of soul music which emerged in the United States in the late 1960s. The style saw African-American soul musicians embrace elements of psychedelic rock, including its production techniques, instrumentation, effects units such as wah-wah and phasing, and drug influences.<ref name="AllmusicPsychedelicSoul" /> It came to prominence in the late 1960s and continued into the 1970s, playing a major role in the development of funk and disco.
Pioneering acts working in the genre included Sly and the Family Stone, Isaac Hayes, the Temptations, the Chambers Brothers, and Parliament-Funkadelic.
HistoryEdit
OriginsEdit
Following the lead of Jimi Hendrix as he moved from soul to psychedelic rock, the psychedelic subculture of the 1960s began to have a widespread impact on African-American musicians, particularly the stars of the Motown label.<ref name=AllmusicPsychedelicSoul>"Psychedelic soul", AllMusic, retrieved 27 February 2017.</ref> Influenced by the civil rights movement, this style had a darker and more political edge than much contemporary psychedelic rock.<ref name=AllmusicPsychedelicSoul/> The Temptations and their producer Norman Whitfield moved from a relatively light vocal group into more hard-edged and topical material like "Cloud Nine" (1968), "Runaway Child, Running Wild" (1969), and "Psychedelic Shack" (1969).<ref name="Gulla2008" /> Sly and the Family Stone also helped pioneer the sound with songs like "Dance to the Music" (1968), "Everyday People" (1968) and "I Want to Take You Higher" (1969), which combined psychedelic rock with funk and emphasized distorted electric guitar and strong basslines.<ref name="Gulla2008">R. Gulla, Icons of R&B and Soul: an Encyclopedia of the Artists who Revolutionized Rhythm, Volume 2 (London: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008), Template:ISBN, pp. 278–81.</ref>
DevelopmentEdit
Other Motown acts soon followed into psychedelic territory, including the Supremes with "Reflections" (1967), "Love Child" (1968), and "Stoned Love" (1970).<ref name=Case2010/> Psychedelic influences could also be heard in the early 1970s work of Stevie Wonder<ref name=AllmusicPsychedelicSoul/> and Marvin Gaye's 1971 album What's Going On.<ref>J. Ankeny, [{{#ifeq: yes | yes | https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4344{{
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}} "Marvin Gaye"], AllMusic, retrieved 3 July 2010.</ref> Acts that broke through with psychedelic soul included the Chambers Brothers with "Time Has Come Today" (1966, but charting in 1968),<ref name=Case2010/> Arthur Brown with "Fire" (1968),<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the 5th Dimension with a cover of Laura Nyro's "Stoned Soul Picnic" (1968),<ref name=Case2010>G. Case, Out of Our Heads: Rock 'n' Roll Before the Drugs Wore Off (Milwaukie, MI: Hal Leonard Corporation, 2010), Template:ISBN, pp. 70–1.</ref> Edwin Starr with "War" (1970), and the Undisputed Truth with "Smiling Faces Sometimes" (1971).<ref name=AllmusicPsychedelicSoul/>
George Clinton's interdependent Funkadelic and Parliament ensembles and their various spin-offs took influence from Detroit rock groups including MC5 and the Stooges, using extended distorted guitar solos and psychedelic sound effects coupled with surreal imagery and stage antics forming part of an Afrofuturist overarching mythology,<ref name=Harrington2002>J. S. Harrington, Sonic Cool: the Life & Death of Rock 'n' Roll (Milwaukie, MI: Hal Leonard Corporation, 2002), Template:ISBN, pp. 249–50.</ref> leading to three US top ten singles, and three platinum albums.<ref name=Bogdanov2002GeorgeClinton>V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), Template:ISBN, p. 226.</ref> Shuggie Otis' 1974 album Inspiration Information emerged too late to take advantage of the style's peak of popularity, but later found acclaim when it was reissued in 2001.<ref name="auto1">{{#ifeq: | yes | https://www.allmusic.com/album/r108038{{
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Decline and influenceEdit
While psychedelic rock began to waver at the end of the 1960s, psychedelic soul's popularity continued into the 1970s and declined only towards the end of the decade.<ref name=AllmusicPsychedelicSoul/> Isaac Hayes and Curtis Mayfield added orchestral instrumentation to psychedelic soul, creating a style known as cinematic soul which became a predecessor to disco.<ref name=kmuw>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Artists which began in psychedelic soul such as Earth, Wind & Fire, Kool & the Gang, and the Ohio Players incorporated its sounds into funk and disco.<ref name=Bennet1993>A. Bennett, Rock and Popular Music: Politics, Policies, Institutions (Abingdon: Routledge, 1993), Template:ISBN, p. 239.</ref>
Modern artistsEdit
Modern psychedelic soul artists include Erykah Badu,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Bilal,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Black Pumas,<ref name="LATimes_20Nov19">Template:Cite news</ref> Janelle Monáe,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Adrian Younge,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Kali Uchis.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Template:Psychedelic music Template:Soulmusic Template:BlackMusicHistory