Psychopomp

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lang}} at Athens: Hermes as psychopomp conducts the deceased, Myrrine, a priestess of Athena, to Hades, Template:Circa (National Archaeological Museum of Athens)

Psychopomps (from the Greek word {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, literally meaning the 'guide of souls')<ref name=lex>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> are creatures, spirits, angels, demons, or deities in many religions whose responsibility is to escort newly deceased souls from Earth to the afterlife.<ref name="Morreall">Template:Cite book</ref>

Their role is not to judge the deceased, but simply to guide them. Appearing frequently on funerary art, psychopomps have been depicted at different times and in different cultures as anthropomorphic entities, horses, deer, dogs, whip-poor-wills, ravens, crows, vultures, owls, sparrows, and cuckoos. In the case of birds, these are often seen in huge masses, waiting outside the home of the dying.

OverviewEdit

Ancient religionEdit

Classical examples of a psychopomp are the ancient Egyptian god Anubis,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the deity Pushan in Hinduism,<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> the Greek ferryman Charon,<ref name=lex/> the goddess Hecate,<ref name="Charles M 1986 pp. 307–318">Template:Cite journal</ref> and god Hermes,<ref name="transformer">RADULOVI, IFIGENIJA; VUKADINOVI, SNEŽANA; SMIRNOVBRKI, ALEKSANDRA – Hermes the Transformer Ágora. Estudos Clássicos em debate, núm. 17, 2015, pp. 45–62 Universidade de Aveiro. Aveiro, Portugal. [1] Template:Webarchive (PDF link)</ref> the Roman god Mercury,<ref name="Littleton">Littleton, C. Scott (Ed.) (2002). Mythology: The Illustrated Anthology of World Myth and Storytelling (pp. 195, 251, 253, 258, 292). London: Duncan Baird Publishers. Template:ISBN.</ref> the Norse Valkyries,<ref name="ORCHARD36LINDOW104">Orchard (1997:36) and Lindow (2001:104).</ref> the Aztec Xolotl,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> the Slavic goddess Morana<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the Etruscan Vanth.<ref>Scheffer, C. 1991. "Harbingers of Death? The Female Demon in Late Etruscan Funerary Art" In Munuscula Romana, edited by A. L. Touati, E. Rystedt, and Ö. Wikander, 43–50. Stockholm: Paul Ǻströms förlag. p. 57</ref>

Contemporary religionsEdit

Heibai Wuchang, literally "Black and White Impermanence", are two deities in Chinese folk religion in charge of escorting the spirits of the dead to the underworld.

The shinigami of Japanese mythology have been described as psychopomps.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The form of Shiva as Tarakeshwara in Hinduism performs a similar role, although leading the soul to moksha rather than to an after-life. Additionally, in the Bhagavata Purana, the Visnudutas and Yamadutas are also messengers for their respective masters, Vishnu and Yama. Their role is illustrated vividly in the story of Ajamila. In many beliefs, a spirit being taken to the underworld is violently ripped from its body.<ref>"The Mercury-Woden Complex: A Proposal", p. 27</ref>

In the Persian tradition, Daena, the Zoroastrian self-guide, appears as a beautiful young maiden to those who deserve to cross the Chinvat Bridge, or as a hideous old hag to those who do not.<ref>Zoroastrianism's After Life & Funeral Customs. Accessed: March 2024.</ref>

The polytheistic concept of a specific deity of death is rejected by Abrahamic monotheism, which regards God as the only master of death and life.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, the archangel Samael can be regarded as the Jewish psychopomp, whose role in Talmudic and post-Talmudic theology is as the Angel of death. In Christianity, Saint Peter, Michael the Archangel and Jesus are thought of as psychopomps either as leading the dead to heaven or (as in the case of Peter) allowing them through the gates.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Islam, Azrael plays the role of the angel of death who carries the soul up to the heavens, acting by the permission of God.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> According to Rudyard Kipling, Azrael "separates the Spirit from the Flesh".<ref> Template:Cite book </ref>

In many cultures, the shaman also fulfils the role of the psychopomp. This may include not only accompanying the soul of the dead, but also at birth helping to introduce the newborn child's soul into the world.<ref name=hop-sameu>Hoppál, Mihály: Sámánok Eurázsiában. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 2005. Template:ISBN. (The title means "Shamans in Eurasia"; the book is written in Hungarian, but it is published also in German, Estonian and Finnish; page 36 is used as the source.) Site of publisher with short description on the book (in Hungarian) Template:Webarchive</ref>Template:Rp This also accounts for the contemporary title of "midwife to the dying" or "End of Life Doula"" which is another form of psychopomp work.

In Filipino culture, ancestral spirits (anito) function as psychopomps. When the dying call out to specific dead persons (e.g. parents, partners), the spirits of the latter are supposedly visible to the former. The spirits, who traditionally wait at the foot of the death-bed, retrieve (Tagalog: sundô) the soul soon after death and escort it into the after-life.<ref name="Scott1994">Template:Cite book</ref>

In Akan religion, Amokye is the woman who fishes souls out of the river and welcomes them to Asamando, the Akan realm of the dead. A deceased person is buried with amoasie (loincloths), jewelry and beads which they then pay to Amokye for admitting them to Asamando.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Many mythologies and superstitions simply have a personification of death as psychopomp. Such personifications frequently present death as a reaper, even ascribing it the title "Grim Reaper".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

PsychologyEdit

In Jungian psychology, the psychopomp is a mediator between the unconscious and conscious realms. It is symbolically personified in dreams as a wise man or woman, or sometimes as a helpful beast.<ref>Drake, Michael. The Great Shift: And How To Navigate It. (2018) pp. 82. Template:ISBN</ref>

NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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