Pupienus

Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximus (Template:Circa 164–238) was Roman emperor with Balbinus for 99 days in 238, during the Year of the Six Emperors. The sources for this period are scant, and thus knowledge of the emperor is limited. In most contemporary texts he is referred to by his cognomen "Maximus" rather than by his second nomen (family name) Pupienus ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Origins and early career

The Historia Augusta, whose testimony is not to be trusted unreservedly, paints Pupienus as an example of advancement through the cursus honorum due to military success. It claims he was the son of a blacksmith, was adopted by one Pescennia Marcellina (otherwise unknown), and who started his career as a Centurio primus pilus before becoming a tribunus militum, and then a praetor. Pupienus's career was allegedly impressive, serving a number of important posts during the reign of the Severan dynasty throughout the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries. This included assignment as Proconsul of the senatorial propraetorial provinces of Bithynia et Pontus, Achaea, and Gallia Narbonensis.<ref>Historia Augusta, Maximus and Balbinus, 5:1-8</ref>

In fact Pupienus was part of the aristocracy, albeit a minor member, and his family had possibly been elevated only recently.<ref>John Drinkwater, Maximinus to Diocletian and the crisis, in The Cambridge ancient history: The crisis of empire, A.D. 193-337 (ed. Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, Averil Cameron) (2005), p. 32</ref> Hailing from the Etruscan city of Volterra,<ref>Michel Christol, L'empire romain du IIIe siècle: histoire politique (1997), p. 114</ref> it has been speculated that Pupienus was the son of Marcus Pupienus Maximus, a senator who was the first member of his family to enter the Senate, and wife Clodia Pulchra.<ref>Christian Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale: mythe et réalité (2000), pg. 120 – Note that this speculation is based upon onomastic similarities and probabilities</ref>

The claim in the Historia Augusta that Pupienus held three praetorian proconsular governorships is unlikely. For one thing, as Bernard Rémy points out, during Pupienus' lifetime the province of Bithynia et Pontus was an imperial one, governed by an imperial legatus. Remy points out another problem: that being awarded three praetorian proconsular governorships violates what is known of Roman practice, and lacks any similar cases. Remy pointedly quotes the opinion of André Chastagnol, who recommended "to admit an information provided by the Augustan History only if it is confirmed by another document" and considers that, faced with such an unreliable source, one must permit "methodical doubt and hypercritical attitude to prevail."<ref>Bernard Rémy, Les carrières sénatoriales dans les provinces romaines d'Anatolie au Haut-Empire (31 av. J.-C. - 284 ap. J.-C.) (Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil, 1989), p. 120</ref>

After his consulship (around the year 222), his cursus honorum is much more reliable. Pupienus was later assigned as imperial legate to one of the German provinces, most probably after his first suffect consulship, circa 207 AD.<ref name=McMahon>McMahon, Pupienus (238 A.D.) and Balbinus (238 A.D.)</ref> While governor he scored military victories over the Sarmatians and German tribes. At some point after he concluded his duties in the German province, the sortition awarded him proconsular governorship of Asia.<ref>Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), p. 227</ref>

In 234, during the last years of Severus Alexander's reign, he was installed as consul for the second time. In that same year he was also appointed Urban Prefect of Rome and gained a reputation for severity, to the extent that he became unpopular with the Roman mob.<ref>Christopher S. Mackay, Ancient Rome: a military and political history (2004), pg. 268</ref>

Reign

File:Pupienus2.jpg

Bust of Pupienus at the Vatican Museums

When Gordian I and his son were proclaimed emperors in Africa, the Senate appointed a committee of twenty men, including the elderly senator Pupienus, to co-ordinate operations against Maximinus Thrax until the arrival of the Gordians.<ref>Potter, pg. 169</ref> On the news of the Gordians' defeat and deaths, however, the Senate met in closed session in the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and voted for two members of the committee to be installed as co-emperors: Pupienus and Balbinus.<ref name=McMahon/> Unlike the situation in 161, both emperors were elected as pontifices maximi, chief priests of the official cults.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

According to Edward Gibbon (drawing on the narratives of Herodian and the Historia Augusta), the choice was sensible, as:

the mind of Maximus [Pupienus] was formed in a rougher mould [than that of Balbinus]. By his valour and abilities he had raised himself from the meanest origin to the first employments of the state and army. His victories over the Sarmatians and the Germans, the austerity of his life, and the rigid impartiality of his justice whilst he was prefect of the city, commanded the esteem of a people whose affections were engaged in favour of the more amiable Balbinus. The two colleagues had both been consul... and, since the one was sixty and the other seventy-four years old, they had both attained the full maturity of age and experience.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:PUPIENUS-RIC IV 1-87001056 (obverse).jpg

Denarius of Pupienus. Inscription: "IMP C M CLOD PUPIENUS AUG"

However, factions within the Senate who had hoped to profit from the accession of the Gordians manipulated the people and the Praetorian Guard to agitate for the elevation of Gordian III as their imperial colleague.<ref>John Drinkwater, Maximinus to Diocletian and the crisis, in The Cambridge ancient history: The crisis of empire, A.D. 193-337 (ed. Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, Averil Cameron) (2005), pgs. 33</ref> Leaving his senior colleague Balbinus in charge of the civil administration at Rome, sometime during late April, Pupienus marched to Ravenna, where he oversaw the campaign against Maximinus, recruiting German auxiliary troops who had served under him whilst he was in Germania.<ref name=McMahon/> After Maximinus was assassinated by his soldiers just outside Aquileia, Pupienus dispatched both Maximinus' troops and his own back to their provinces (along with a considerable donative) and returned to Rome with his newly acquired German bodyguard.<ref>McMahon, Pupienus (238 A.D.) and Balbinus (238 A.D.); Southern, pg. 67</ref>

Balbinus, in the meantime, had failed to keep public order in the capital. The sources suggest that Balbinus suspected Pupienus of using his German bodyguard to supplant him, and they were soon living in different parts of the Imperial palace.<ref>Potter, pg. 171</ref> This meant that they were at the mercy of disaffected elements in the Praetorian Guard, who resented serving under Senate-appointed emperors, and now plotted to kill them.<ref>Michael Grant, The collapse and recovery of the Roman Empire (1999), pgs. 5-6</ref> Pupienus, becoming aware of the threat, begged Balbinus to call for the German bodyguard. Balbinus, believing that this news was part of a plot by Pupienus to have him assassinated, refused, and the two began to argue just as the Praetorians burst into the room. Both emperors were seized and dragged back to the Praetorian barracks where they were tortured and hacked to death in the bath house.<ref name=McMahon/> They only ruled 99 days.<ref>Filocalus, Chronograph of 354, Part 16: "Pupienus and Balbinus ruled 99 days. They gave a largess of 250 denarii. They were killed at Rome."</ref><ref>Chronicon Paschale (7th century). s.a. 238. "Publius [Pupienus] obtained the throne and was likewise slain after a hundred days."</ref><ref>Laterculus Imperatorum Malalianus (7th century): "Pulpius [Pupienus] reigned 3 months"</ref>

Family

Three individuals have been identified as his children. Titus Clodius Pupienus Pulcher Maximus, consul suffectus c. 235, and patron of the town of Tibur outside Rome, has been identified as his oldest son.<ref>Ronald Syme, Historia Augusta papers (1983), pg. 194</ref> Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus, consul ordinarius in 236 as the colleague of the Emperor Maximinus Thrax, has been identified as his youngest son.<ref>Syme, Emperors and biography: studies in the Historia Augusta (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971), p. 174</ref> These consulships in the family, across the reigns of Severus Alexander and Maximinus Thrax, suggest that the family was influential and in high favour. Pupienus also had a daughter, named Pupiena Sextia Paulina Cethegilla, wife of Marcus Ulpius Eubiotus Leurus.<ref>Syme, Emperors and biography, pp. 173f</ref>

Sources

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