Pushpa Kamal Dahal

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Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Template:Langx; born Ghanashyam Dahal, 11 December 1954), alias Prachanda (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, Template:Translation "fierce"), is a Nepalese politician, currently serving as the Leader of the Opposition, since July 2024. He has served as the Prime Minister of Nepal on three separate occasions, from 2008 to 2009 as the first prime minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, from 2016 to 2017, and again from 2022 to 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Having been drawn to left-wing politics after seeing severe poverty during his youth, Dahal joined the Communist Party of Nepal (Fourth Convention) in 1981, and later became general secretary of the Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal) in 1989.<ref name=":4" /><ref>[1] Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name="Lawoti-Pahadi3">Template:Cite book</ref> This party later became the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). Dahal was the leader of the CPN (M) during the country's civil war and subsequent peace process and the 1st Nepalese constituent assembly. In the 2008 elections, CPN(M) emerged as the largest party, and Dahal became prime minister in August of that year.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He resigned from the post on 4 May 2009, after his attempt to sack the then army chief, Rookmangud Katawal, was opposed by then President Ram Baran Yadav.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Dahal was sworn in as prime minister for a second time in 2016, as per an agreement to form a rotational government with the Nepali Congress, and resigned on 24 May 2017 to make way for Congress' Sher Bahadur Deuba.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Following the 2022 general election, Dahal was sworn in as prime minister again in December 2022, with support from a coalition of parties including CPN (UML), Rastriya Swatantra Party and Rastriya Prajatantra Party.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Dahal remained in power for 19 months, changing alliances between the UML and Congress three times, before he was ousted by a failed motion of confidence in the parliament on 12 July 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Early lifeEdit

He was born Ghanashyam Dahal on 11 December 1954 in Lewade, Dhikur Pokhari, a VDC 20 km north from Pokhara, to Muktiram and Bhawani, a Brahmin Hindu family.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=":2" /> He later changed his name during a matriculation examination to Pushpa Kamal (meaning: Lotus Flower).<ref>"Profile: Prachanda, from commander to prime minister." Chinaview.cn, 15 August 2008</ref><ref>Nepali PM Prachanda Sworn In. English.cri.cn. Retrieved 3 September 2011.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}. news.indiainfo.com. 13 September 2008</ref> At the age of eight, his family migrated to the Terai, a fertile lowland region in southern Nepal, and settled in Chitwan District.<ref name=":2" /> In the 1950s, his father Muktiram moved to Indian state of Assam, where he worked as a firewood collector, and returned home in 1961.<ref name=":2" /> In 1971, Pushpa Kamal Dahal moved to Kathmandu for his studies, and was enrolled in Patan Multiple Campus for two years.<ref name=":2" /> He moved back to Chitwan and received a diploma of science in agriculture from Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS) in Rampur, Chitwan.<ref name=":3">Somini Sengupta, and he was also a high school teacher in Aarught of Gorkha district."Where Maoists Still Matter", The New York Times, 30 October 2005.</ref><ref name=":4">Template:Cite book</ref> After completing studies and failing to find jobs in bureaucracy, Dahal became a schoolteacher in a village, where he worked until 1979. He was also a home teacher at the same village.<ref name=":2" />

Nepalese Civil WarEdit

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File:Prachanda.jpg

Dahal speaking at a rally in Pokhara.

On 4 February 1996, Baburam Bhattarai gave the government, led by Nepali Congress Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba, a list of 40 demands, threatening civil war if they were not met.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref> The demands related to "nationalism, democracy, and livelihood" and included such line items as the "domination of foreign capital in Nepali industries, business and finance should be stopped", and "discriminatory treaties, including the 1950 Nepal-India Treaty, should be abrogated", and "land under the control of the feudal system should be confiscated and distributed to the landless and the homeless."<ref name=":0" /><ref>Baburam Bhattarai, "40 Point Demand" Template:Webarchive, South Asia Intelligence Review, 4 February 1996</ref> After that, and until 26 April 2006, Dahal directed the military efforts of the CPN (Maoist Centre) towards establishing areas of control, particularly in the mountainous regions and in western Nepal.<ref name=":1" /> The 40 demands were whittled down to 24 in subsequent political negotiations.<ref name=":1">"Maoists Demand Interim Constitution," Template:Webarchive Kathmandu Post, 28 April 2003</ref>

In late 2004 or early 2005, relations between Dahal and Baburam Bhattarai soured.<ref>Singh Khadka, "Nepal's Maoist leadership divisions" Template:Webarchive, BBC News, 6 May 2005.</ref> This was reportedly due to disagreement on power-sharing inside the party. Bhattarai was unhappy with the consolidation of power under Dahal.<ref name="TVNZ_479664" /> At one point, Dahal expelled Bhattarai from the party, though he was later reinstated.<ref name="TVNZ_479664">Template:Cite news</ref> They later reconciled at least some of their differences.<ref>Charles Haviland, "Meeting Nepal's Maoist leader" Template:Webarchive, BBC News, 16 June 2005.</ref><ref>Sanjay Upadhya, "Nepal: Maoists hide more than they reveal" Template:Webarchive, Scoop, 16 February 2005.</ref> On 22 November 2005, Dahal and the Seven Party Alliance released a 'twelve-point agreement' that expressed areas of agreement between the CPN(M) and the parties that had won a large majority in the last parliamentary election in 1999.<ref name=":5" /> Among other points, this document stated that the dictatorial monarchy of King Gyanendra was the chief impediment to progress in Nepal.<ref name=":5" /> It claimed further that the Maoists were committed to human rights and press freedoms and a multi-party system of government.<ref name=":5" /> It pledged self-criticism and the intention of the Maoists and the Seven Parties to not repeat past mistakes.<ref name=":5">Unofficial translation, "The 12-point agreement between the Maoists and the seven-party alliance as listed in statement by Pushpa Kamal Dahal on Tuesday," Template:Webarchive Nepal News, 25 November 2005</ref>

On 26 April 2006, CPN (Maoist Centre) announced a ceasefire with a stated duration of 90 days.<ref name=":6" /> The move followed weeks of massive protests—the April 2006 Nepalese general strike— in Kathmandu and elsewhere that had forced King Gyanendra to give up the personal dictatorship he had established on 1 February 2005, and restore the parliament that had been dissolved in May 2002.<ref name=":6" /> A new government was then established by the Seven-Party Alliance. The parliament and the new government supported the ceasefire and started negotiations with the Maoists on the basis of the twelve-point agreement. The two sides agreed that a new constituent assembly would be elected to write a new constitution and decide the fate of the monarchy. The Maoists wanted this process to end with Nepal becoming declared as a republic.<ref name=":6">"Nepal Maoist rebels declare truce," Template:Webarchive BBC, 27 April 2006</ref>

PremiershipsEdit

File:Baburam and prachanda.jpg

Dahal (third from left), Baburam Bhattarai (fourth from left)

First premiershipEdit

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Dahal met for talks with Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala on 16 June 2006, which was thought to be his first visit to the capital Kathmandu in more than a decade.<ref>"Maoists to join Nepal government," Template:Webarchive BBC, 16 June 2006</ref><ref>"Power Play," Template:Webarchive The Times of India 3 November 2001</ref> This meeting resulted in the Comprehensive Peace Accord to dissolve parliament, incorporate the CPN(M) into a new interim government, draft a new constitution, and disband the CPN(M)'s "people's governments" operating in rural Nepal. The two sides also agreed to disarm at a later date, under international supervision.<ref>Maseeh Rahman, "After a decade of fighting, Nepal's Maoist rebels embrace government," The Guardian, 17 June 2006</ref> On 18 September 2007, the CPN(M) left the coalition government ahead of the Constituent Assembly election, demanding the declaration of a republic by parliament, and a system of proportional representation in the election. The CPN(M) rejoined the government on 30 December 2007, after an agreement to abolish the monarchy following the election, and to have a system of partial proportional representation in the election.<ref>"Nepal Maoists rejoin cabinet after monarchy deal," Template:Webarchive Reuters, 30 December 2007</ref> Following power-sharing discussions that lasted several months, Dahal was elected as prime minister by the Constituent Assembly on 15 August 2008, and he was sworn in as prime minister on 18 August 2008.<ref name="sworn">"PM Dahal sworn in"Template:Dead link, Nepalnews, 18 August 2008.</ref>

The decade-long war ultimately led the Maoists to Nepal's parliament. After winning a remarkable majority in the Constitutional Assembly elections, Dahal was nominated for the Prime Ministership by the party.<ref>"Nepal Maoists want their chief as president" Template:Webarchive, Reuters (AlertNet), 25 January 2008.</ref> In the April 2008 Constituent Assembly election, he was elected from Kathmandu constituency-10, winning by a large margin, and receiving nearly twice as many votes as his nearest rival, the candidate of the Nepali Congress. He also won overwhelmingly in Rolpa constituency-2, receiving 34,230 votes against 6,029 for Shanta Kumar Oli of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), CPN(UML).<ref>"Prachanda wins from Rolpa-2 as well"Template:Dead link, Nepalnews, 13 April 2008.</ref> With the CPN(M) appearing to have won the election, Dahal pledged that the party would work together with other parties in crafting the new constitution, and he assured the international community, particularly India and China, that the party wanted good relations and co-operation. He also said that the party had expressed its commitment to multi-party democracy through the election.<ref>"'We want to continue working with parties and the int'l community,' says Prachanda."Template:Dead link, Nepalnews, 12 April 2008.</ref>

Second premiershipEdit

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In August 2016 Pushpa Kamal Dahal was elected for a second stint as Prime Minister of Nepal.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Dahal became the 24th prime minister since Nepal's adoption of multi-party democracy in 1990 and the eighth since the abolition of the monarchy in 2008.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He resigned from the post of prime minister on 24 May 2017 and was succeeded by Sher Bahadur Deuba of the Nepali Congress in June.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Third premiershipEdit

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Pushpa Kamal Dahal was appointed prime minister for the third time on 25 December 2022, following the 2022 Nepalese general election.<ref name = "r">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He won the vote of confidence in the House on 10 January 2023 after 268 out of the present 270 members voted in favor of him.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Following Dahal's support for the candidature of Ram Chandra Poudel in the presidential election, the CPN (UML) withdrew its support from the government, and Dahal again joined hands with the Congress to revive the pre-election alliance.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Dahal condemned the actions of Hamas during the Gaza war,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> but also expressed support for Palestine and spoke in favor of a ceasefire, saying "we support the oppressed, those who deserve independence. We support Palestine".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 4 March 2024, Dahal ended his coalition with the Nepali Congress and formed a new coalition with the CPN (UML) and other smaller parties.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 3 July however, the CPN (UML) left its coalition with Dahal and formed a coalition instead with the Nepali Congress.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 12 July, Dahal lost a vote of confidence in the House after 194 out of the present 258 members voted against his favour leading to the end of his third tenure as prime minister.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

In 1969, Dahal married Sita Poudel (5 July 1954 – 12 July 2023)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> when he was fifteen.<ref name=":2">Template:Cite book</ref> They had three daughters (including Renu Dahal) and a son.<ref name=":2" />

In keeping with Marxist ideology, Dahal is an atheist, having stopped practicing Hinduism in his teenage years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

NotesEdit

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PublicationsEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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