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An abscess is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body, usually caused by bacterial infection.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Signs and symptoms of abscesses include redness, pain, warmth, and swelling.<ref name=NEJM2014/> The swelling may feel fluid-filled when pressed.<ref name=NEJM2014/> The area of redness often extends beyond the swelling.<ref name=El2009>Template:Cite book</ref> Carbuncles and boils are types of abscess that often involve hair follicles, with carbuncles being larger.<ref name=Rosen2014Chp120>Template:Cite book</ref> A cyst is related to an abscess, but it contains a material other than pus, and a cyst has a clearly defined wall. Abscesses can also form internally on internal organs and after surgery.
They are usually caused by a bacterial infection.<ref name=Cox2007>Template:Cite book</ref> Often many different types of bacteria are involved in a single infection.<ref name=El2009/> In many areas of the world, the most common bacteria present is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Rarely, parasites can cause abscesses; this is more common in the developing world.<ref name=Rosen2014Chp137/> Diagnosis of a skin abscess is usually made based on what it looks like and is confirmed by cutting it open.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Ultrasound imaging may be useful in cases in which the diagnosis is not clear.<ref name=NEJM2014/> In abscesses around the anus, computer tomography (CT) may be important to look for deeper infection.<ref name=Rosen2014Chp137>Template:Cite book</ref>
Standard treatment for most skin or soft tissue abscesses is cutting it open and drainage.<ref name="ACEPfive">Template:Citation</ref> There appears to be some benefit from also using antibiotics.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A small amount of evidence supports not packing the cavity that remains with gauze after drainage.<ref name=NEJM2014>Template:Cite journal</ref> Closing this cavity right after draining it rather than leaving it open may speed healing without increasing the risk of the abscess returning.<ref name=Singer2011>Template:Cite journal</ref> Sucking out the pus with a needle is often not sufficient.<ref name=NEJM2014/>
Skin abscesses are common and have become more common in recent years.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Risk factors include intravenous drug use, with rates reported as high as 65% among users.<ref name=Langrod2007>Template:Cite book</ref> In 2005, 3.2 million people went to American emergency departments for abscesses.<ref name=Taira2009>Template:Cite journal</ref> In Australia, around 13,000 people were hospitalized in 2008 with the condition.<ref name=Vas2012>Template:Cite journal</ref> Template:TOC limit
Signs and symptomsEdit
Abscesses may occur in any kind of tissue but most frequently within the skin surface (where they may be superficial pustules known as boils or deep skin abscesses), in the lungs, brain, teeth, kidneys, and tonsils. Major complications may include spreading of the abscess material to adjacent or remote tissues, and extensive regional tissue death (gangrene).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The main symptoms and signs of a skin abscess are redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. There may also be high temperature (fever) and chills.<ref name="NHS_abscess"/> If superficial, abscesses may be fluctuant when palpated; this wave-like motion is caused by movement of the pus inside the abscess.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
An internal abscess is more difficult to identify and depend on the location of the abscess and the type of infection. General signs include pain in the affected area, a high temperature, and generally feeling unwell.<ref name=":1" /> Internal abscesses rarely heal themselves, so prompt medical attention is indicated if such an abscess is suspected. An abscess can potentially be fatal depending on where it is located.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
CausesEdit
Risk factors for abscess formation include intravenous drug use.<ref name=Kha2008>Template:Cite journal</ref> Another possible risk factor is a prior history of disc herniation or other spinal abnormality,<ref name=Kraeutler2014>Template:Cite journal</ref> though this has not been proven.
Abscesses are caused by bacterial infection, parasites, or foreign substances. Bacterial infection is the most common cause, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. The more invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) may also be a source of infection, though is much rarer.<ref name="Gale1999">Template:Cite book</ref> Among spinal subdural abscesses, methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus is the most common organism involved.<ref name=Kraeutler2014/>
Rarely parasites can cause abscesses and this is more common in the developing world.<ref name=Rosen2014Chp137/> Specific parasites known to do this include dracunculiasis and myiasis.<ref name=Rosen2014Chp137/>
Anorectal abscessEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Anorectal abscesses can be caused by non-specific obstruction and ensuing infection of the glandular crypts inside of the anus or rectum. Other causes include cancer, trauma, or inflammatory bowel diseases.<ref name="h230">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Incisional abscessEdit
An incisional abscess is one that develops as a complication secondary to a surgical incision. It presents as redness and warmth at the margins of the incision with purulent drainage from it.<ref name="Duff2009">Template:Cite journal</ref> If the diagnosis is uncertain, the wound should be aspirated with a needle, with aspiration of pus confirming the diagnosis and availing for Gram stain and bacterial culture.<ref name="Duff2009"/>
Internal abscessEdit
Abscesses can form inside the body. The cause can be from trauma, surgery, an infection, or a pre-existing condition.<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PathophysiologyEdit
An abscess is a defensive reaction of the tissue to prevent the spread of infectious materials to other parts of the body.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Organisms or foreign materials destroy the local cells, which results in the release of cytokines. The cytokines trigger an inflammatory response, which draws large numbers of white blood cells to the area and increases the regional blood flow.<ref name=":0" />
The final structure of the abscess is an abscess wall, or capsule, that is formed by the adjacent healthy cells in an attempt to keep the pus from infecting neighboring structures. However, such encapsulation tends to prevent immune cells from attacking bacteria in the pus, or from reaching the causative organism or foreign object.<ref name=":0" />
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A diagram of an abscess
DiagnosisEdit
An abscess is a localized collection of pus (purulent inflammatory tissue) caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space, lined by the pyogenic membrane.<ref>Robins/8th/68</ref> Ultrasound imaging can help in a diagnosis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
ClassificationEdit
Abscesses may be classified as either skin abscesses or internal abscesses. Skin abscesses are common; internal abscesses tend to be harder to diagnose, and more serious.<ref name="NHS_abscess">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Skin abscesses are also called cutaneous or subcutaneous abscesses.<ref name="Medline_abscess">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
IV drug useEdit
For those with a history of intravenous drug use, an X-ray is recommended before treatment to verify that no needle fragments are present.<ref name=Kha2008/> If there is also a fever present in this population, infectious endocarditis should be considered.<ref name=Kha2008/>
DifferentialEdit
Abscesses should be differentiated from empyemas, which are accumulations of pus in a preexisting, rather than a newly formed, anatomical cavity.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Other conditions that can cause similar symptoms include: cellulitis, a sebaceous cyst, and necrotising fasciitis.<ref name=Rosen2014Chp137/> Cellulitis typically also has an erythematous reaction, but does not confer any purulent drainage.<ref name="Duff2009"/>
TreatmentEdit
The standard treatment for an uncomplicated skin or soft tissue abscess is the act of opening and draining.<ref name="ACEPfive"/> There does not appear to be any benefit from also using antibiotics in most cases.<ref name=NEJM2014/> A small amount of evidence did not find a benefit from packing the abscess with gauze.<ref name=NEJM2014/>
Incision and drainageEdit
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The abscess should be inspected to identify if foreign objects are a cause, which may require their removal. If foreign objects are not the cause, incising and draining the abscess is standard treatment.<ref name="ACEPfive"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
AntibioticsEdit
Most people who have an uncomplicated skin abscess should not use antibiotics.<ref name="ACEPfive"/> Antibiotics in addition to standard incision and drainage is recommended in persons with severe abscesses, many sites of infection, rapid disease progression, the presence of cellulitis, symptoms indicating bacterial illness throughout the body, or a health condition causing immunosuppression.<ref name=NEJM2014/> People who are very young or very old may also need antibiotics.<ref name=NEJM2014/> If the abscess does not heal only with incision and drainage, or if the abscess is in a place that is difficult to drain such as the face, hands, or genitals, then antibiotics may be indicated.<ref name=NEJM2014/>
In those cases of abscess which do require antibiotic treatment, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is a common cause and an anti-staphylococcus antibiotic such as flucloxacillin or dicloxacillin is used. The Infectious Diseases Society of America advises that the draining of an abscess is not enough to address community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and in those cases, traditional antibiotics may be ineffective.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Alternative antibiotics effective against community-acquired MRSA often include clindamycin, doxycycline, minocycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.<ref name=NEJM2014/> The American College of Emergency Physicians advises that typical cases of abscess from MRSA get no benefit from having antibiotic treatment in addition to the standard treatment.<ref name="ACEPfive"/>
Culturing the wound is not needed if standard follow-up care can be provided after the incision and drainage.<ref name="ACEPfive"/> Performing a wound culture is unnecessary because it rarely gives information which can be used to guide treatment.<ref name="ACEPfive"/>
PackingEdit
In North America, after drainage, an abscess cavity is usually packed, often with special iodoform-treated cloth. This is done to absorb and neutralize any remaining exudate as well as to promote draining and prevent premature closure. Prolonged draining is thought to promote healing. The hypothesis is that though the heart's pumping action can deliver immune and regenerative cells to the edge of an injury, an abscess is by definition a void in which no blood vessels are present. Packing is thought to provide a wicking action that continuously draws beneficial factors and cells from the body into the void that must be healed. Discharge is then absorbed by cutaneous bandages and further wicking promoted by changing these bandages regularly. However, evidence from emergency medicine literature reports that packing wounds after draining, especially smaller wounds, causes pain to the person and does not decrease the rate of recurrence, nor bring faster healing, or fewer physician visits.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Loop drainageEdit
More recently, several North American hospitals have opted for less-invasive loop drainage over standard drainage and wound packing. In one study of 143 pediatric outcomes, a failure rate of 1.4% was reported in the loop group versus 10.5% in the packing group (P<.030),<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> while a separate study reported a 5.5% failure rate among the loop group.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Primary closureEdit
Closing an abscess immediately after draining it appears to speed healing without increasing the risk of recurrence.<ref name=Singer2011/> This may not apply to anorectal abscesses as while they may heal faster, there may be a higher rate of recurrence than those left open.<ref name="pmid6397949">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Appendiceal abscessEdit
Appendiceal abscess are complications of appendicitis where there is an infected mass on the appendix. This condition is estimated to occur in 2–10% of appendicitis cases and is usually treated by surgical removal of the appendix (appendicectomy).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
PrognosisEdit
Even without treatment, skin abscesses rarely result in death, as they will naturally break through the skin.<ref name=Rosen2014Chp137/> Other types of abscess are more dangerous. Brain abscesses may be fatal if untreated. When treated, the mortality rate reduces to 5–10%, but is higher if the abscess ruptures.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
EpidemiologyEdit
Skin abscesses are common and have become more common in recent years.<ref name=NEJM2014/> Risk factors include intravenous drug use, with rates reported as high as 65% among users.<ref name=Langrod2007/> In 2005, in the United States 3.2 million people went to the emergency department for an abscess.<ref name=Taira2009/> In Australia around 13,000 people were hospitalized in 2008 for the disease.<ref name=Vas2012/>
Society and cultureEdit
The Latin medical aphorism "ubi pus, ibi evacua" expresses "where there is pus, there evacuate it" and is classical advice in the culture of Western medicine.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Needle exchange programmes often administer or provide referrals for abscess treatment to injection drug users as part of a harm reduction public health strategy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
EtymologyEdit
An abscess is so called "abscess" because there is an abscessus (a going away or departure) of portions of the animal tissue from each other to make room for the suppurated matter lodged between them.<ref>Collier's New Encyclopedia, 'Abscess'.</ref>
The word carbuncle is believed to have originated from the Latin: carbunculus, originally a small coal; diminutive of carbon-, carbo: charcoal or ember, but also a carbuncle stone, "precious stones of a red or fiery colour", usually garnets.<ref>OED, "Carbuncle": 1 stone, 3 medical</ref>
Other typesEdit
The following types of abscess are listed in the medical dictionary:<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Template:Columns-list
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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