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Pajamas (American English) or pyjamas (Commonwealth English),Template:Efn sometimes colloquially shortened to PJs,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> jammies,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> jim-jams, or in South Asia, night suits, are several related types of clothing worn as nightwear or while lounging. Pajamas are soft garments derived from the Indian and Iranian bottom-wear, the pyjamas, which were adopted in the Western world as nightwear.
EtymologyEdit
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word pajama is a borrowing via Urdu from Persian. Its etymology is:
Urdu pāy-jāma, pā-jāma and its etymon Persian pāy-jāma, pā-jāma, singular noun < Persian pāy, pā foot, leg + jāma clothing, garment (see jama n.1) + English -s, plural ending, after drawers.<ref name=oed-pyjamas>Template:Citation</ref>
HistoryEdit
The worldwide use of pajamas (the word and the clothing) outside the Indian subcontinent is the result of adoption by British colonists in the Indian subcontinent in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the British influence on the wider Western world during the Victorian era. Pajamas had been introduced to England as "lounging attire" as early as the seventeenth century, then known as mogul's breeches (Beaumont and Fletcher) but they soon fell out of fashion. The word pajama (as pai jamahs, Paee-jams and variants) is recorded in English use in the first half of the nineteenth century. They did not become a fashion in Britain and the Western world as sleeping attire for men until the Victorian period, from about 1870.<ref>Lewis, Ivor. 1991. Sahibs, Nabobs and Boxwallahs: A Dictionary of Words of Anglo-India. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 266 pages. Template:ISBN. "They were introduced in England as lounging attire in the 17th century but soon went out of fashion. About 1870 they reappeared in the Western world as sleeping attire for men, after returning British colonials brought (them) back ...."</ref>
Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases (1886) summarizes the state of usage at the time (s.v. "pyjammas"):
Such a garment is used by various persons in India e.g. by women of various classes, by Sikh men, and most by Mohammedans of both sexes. It was adopted from the Mohammedans by Europeans as an article of dishabille [highly casual clothing] and of night attire, and is synonymous with Long Drawers, Shulwaurs, and Mogul-Breeches [...] It is probable that we English took the habit like a good many others from the Portuguese. Thus Pyrard (c. 1521) says, in speaking of Goa Hospital: "Ils ont force caleçon sans quoy ne couchent iamais les Portugais des Indes" [fr., "They have plenty of the undergarments without which the Portuguese in India never sleep"] [...] The word is now used in London shops. A friend furnishes the following reminiscence: "The late Mr. B—, tailor in Jermyn Street, some on 12 years ago, in reply to a question why pyjammas had feet sewn on to them (as was sometimes the case with those furnished by London outfitters) answered: "I believe, Sir, it is because of the White Ants."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
TypesEdit
TraditionalEdit
Traditional pajamas consist of a shirt-and-trousers combination made of soft fabric, such as flannel or lightweight silk. The shirt element usually has a placket front and sleeves with no cuffs.
Pajamas are usually worn as nightwear with bare feet and without undergarments. They are often worn for comfort by people in their homes, especially by children, especially on the weekend.
ContemporaryEdit
Contemporary pajamas are derived from traditional pajamas. There are many variations in style such as short sleeve pajamas, pajama bottoms of varying length,<ref>"Harriet Traynham (R) and her guests still wearing their pyjamas at 3:15 pm," Life magazine, August 1951 (Photographer: Lisa Larsen)</ref> and pajamas incorporating various non-traditional materials. Often, people of both sexes opt to sleep or lounge in just pajama pants, usually with a t-shirt. For this reason, pajama pants are often sold as separates. Stretch-knit sleep apparel with rib-knit trimmings are common, mostly with young children.
Although pajamas are usually distinguished from one-piece sleeping garments such as nightgowns, in the US, they have sometimes included the latter or a somewhat shorter nightshirt as a top. Some pajamas, especially those designed for infants and toddlers, feature a drop seat (also known as a trap door or butt flap): a buttoned opening in the seat, designed to allow the wearer conveniently to use a toilet.
Fire safetyEdit
In the United States, pajamas for children are required to comply with fire safety regulations. If made of flammable fabric, such as cotton, they must be tight fitting. Loose-fitting pajamas must be treated with a fire retardant.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Regulations in the United Kingdom are less stringent; pajamas which do not comply with fire safety standards may be sold, but must be labelled "KEEP AWAY FROM FIRE".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Society and cultureEdit
Pajamas in the Western world have been regarded as essentially indoors wear, or wear for the home, whether treated as daywear or nightwear.
When Bette Davis wore her husband's pajama top as a nightie in the 1943 film Old Acquaintance, it caused a fashion revolution, with I. Magnin selling out of men's sleepwear the morning after the movie opened, and all of it to young women.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Since the late 18th century some people, in particular those in the US and to some extent Britain, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand, have worn pajamas in public for convenience or as a fashion statement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
One reason for the increased wearing of pajamas in public is that people no longer face the same social pressure as in the past.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In January 1976, the gulf emirate Ras Al Khaimah, UAE introduced a strict dress code for all local government workers forbidding them from wearing pajamas to work.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In January 2016, the Tesco supermarket in St Mellons, Cardiff, United Kingdom, started a ban on customers wearing pajamas.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In May 2010, Shanghai discouraged the wearing of pajamas in public during Expo 2010.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In January 2012, a local Dublin branch of the Government's Department of Social Protection advised that pajamas were not regarded as appropriate attire for clients attending the office for welfare services.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Many school and work dress codes do not allow pajamas. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, an Illinois school district set remote learning guidelines which state that pajamas should not be worn while studying remotely and students should follow the same dress code as they normally would at school.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Schools sometimes designate a "pajama day" when students and staff come to school in their pajamas to boost school spirit.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In movies and television, characters are often depicted wearing pajamas in bed, as a more proper alternative to other forms of nightwear. These are commonly pajama pants with a shirt or t-shirt.Template:Citation needed
GalleryEdit
- JessiePyjamas.jpg
Girl in short-sleeve pajamas, doll in traditional.
- Kids in pajamas.jpg
Boys in stretch-knit pajamas.
- American sleepers1.jpg
Toddler in footed pajamas.
- Attendant indian camp1844.jpg
Courier in white pajamas, India, 1844.
- Cheetahs nawab oudh1844.jpg
Men in white pajamas with hunting cheetahs, India 1844.
- Muslim men bombay1867.jpg
Muslim men in pajamas (various styles), Bombay, 1867
- Hindu girl karachi.jpg
Hindu woman, in Sind, India, in shalwar-style pajamas, 1870.
- C. A. Herpich Söhne, Berlin, Modewaren 1910 (Prospekt)21.jpg
German advert with genuine English "Schlafanzüge (Pyjamas)", 1910
- I love lucy pajamas 1953.jpg
1953 American advert for his and hers day pajamas, I Love Lucy-style
- Russische kunstmaan passeert Nederlanders, mensen in pyama staan te kijken, Bestanddeelnr 909-0359.jpg
A Dutch couple viewing Sputnik 1,1957
- Saint Laurent Rive Gauche + Halston pajama sets.jpg
Yves Saint Laurent Rive Gauche, c. 1970 (left), Halston, c. 1976 (right)
See alsoEdit
NotesEdit
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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