Pyridoxine

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Pyridoxine (PN)<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is a form of vitamin B₆ found commonly in food and used as a dietary supplement. As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, side effects or complications of isoniazid use, and certain types of mushroom poisoning.<ref name=AHFS2016/> It is used by mouth or by injection.<ref name=AHFS2016/>

It is usually well tolerated.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Occasionally side effects include headache, numbness, and sleepiness.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Normal doses are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Pyridoxine is in the vitamin B family of vitamins.<ref name=AHFS2016/> It is required by the body to metabolise amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.<ref name=AHFS2016>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Sources in the diet include meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, and grain.<ref name=NIH2016>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Medical uses

As a treatment (oral or injection), it is used to treat or prevent pyridoxine deficiency, sideroblastic anaemia, pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy, certain metabolic disorders, side effects of isoniazid treatment and certain types of mushroom poisoning.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Isoniazid is an antibiotic used for the treatment of tuberculosis. Common side effect include numbness in the hands and feet.<ref name=AHFS2016ISO>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Co-treatment with vitamin B₆ alleviates the numbness.<ref name="Lheureux2005">Template:Cite journal</ref> Pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy is a type of rare infant epilepsy that does not improve with typical anti-seizure medications.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Pyridoxine in combination with doxylamine is used as a treatment for morning sickness in pregnant women.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Side effects

It is usually well tolerated, though overdose toxicity is possible.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Occasionally side effects include headache, numbness, and sleepiness.<ref name= AHFS2016/> Pyridoxine overdose can cause a peripheral sensory neuropathy characterized by poor coordination, numbness, and decreased sensation to touch, temperature, and vibration.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Healthy human blood levels of pyridoxine are 2.1–21.7 ng/mL. Normal doses are safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding.<ref name=AHFS2016/>

Mechanism

Pyridoxine is in the vitamin B family of vitamins.<ref name=AHFS2016/> It is required by the body to make amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Sources in the diet include fruit, vegetables, and grain.<ref name=NIH2016/> It is also required for muscle phosphorylase activity associated with glycogen metabolism.

Metabolism

The half-life of pyridoxine varies according to different sources: one source suggests that the half-life of pyridoxine is up to 20 days,<ref name="days20">Template:Cite book</ref> while another source indicates half-life of vitamin B₆ is in range of 25 to 33 days.<ref name="VKM2017">Template:Cite book</ref> After considering the different sources, it can be concluded that the half-life of pyridoxine is typically measured in several weeks.<ref name="days20"/><ref name="VKM2017"/>

History

Pyridoxine was discovered in 1934, isolated in 1938, and first made in 1939.<ref name="Squ2011">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Har2012">Template:Cite book</ref> It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO21st">Template:Cite book</ref> Pyridoxine is available both as a generic medication and over the counter product.<ref name=AHFS2016/> Foods, such as breakfast cereal have pyridoxine added in some countries.<ref name=NIH2016/>

External links

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