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Qaboos bin Said

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Qaboos bin Said Al Said (Template:Langx, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; 18 November 1940 – 10 January 2020) was Sultan of Oman from 23 July 1970 until his death in 2020. A fifteenth-generation descendant of the founder of the Al Bu Said dynasty,<ref name="hIaea">Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> he was the longest-serving leader in the Middle East and Arab world at the time of his death,<ref name="ArEOG">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> having ruled for almost half a century.

The only son of Said bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, Qaboos was educated in Suffolk, England. After graduating from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, he served briefly in the British Army. He returned to Oman in 1966 and was the subject of considerable restrictions from his father. In 1970, Qaboos ascended to the Omani throne after overthrowing his father in a coup d'état, with British support. The country was subsequently renamed the Sultanate of Oman.

As sultan, Qaboos implemented a policy of modernization and ended Oman's international isolation. His reign saw a rise in the country's living standards, the abolition of slavery, the end of the Dhofar Rebellion, and the promulgation of Oman's constitution. Suffering from poor health in later life, Qaboos died in 2020. He had no children, so he entailed the royal court to reach consensus on a successor upon his death. As a precaution, he hid a letter which named his successor in case an agreement was not achieved. After his death, the royal court named his intended successor, his cousin Haitham bin Tariq, as sultan.

Early life and educationEdit

File:Portrait of Said Bin Timur.jpg
Sultan Said bin Taimur, the father of Qaboos bin Said

Qaboos bin Said was born in the southern city of Salalah in Dhofar on 18 November 1940Template:Citation needed as the only son of Sultan Said bin Taimur Al Said and Mazoon bint Ahmad Al Mashani.<ref name="aulH1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="cmctg">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He received his primary and secondary education at Salalah, and was sent to a private educational establishment at Bury St Edmunds in England at age 16.<ref name="FJSwe">Tribute to His MajestyTemplate:Webarchive</ref><ref name="NYTObit">Template:Cite news</ref> At 20, he entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.<ref name="adst">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> After graduating from Sandhurst in September 1962, he joined the British Army and was posted to the 1st Battalion The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), serving with them in Germany for one year. He also held a staff appointment with the British Army.<ref name="Allen">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="6YRCI">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

After his military service, Qaboos studied local government subjects in England and then completed his education with a world tour chaperoned by Leslie Chauncy. Upon his return in 1966, he was placed under virtual house arrest in Al Hosn Palace in Salalah by his father. Here he was kept isolated from government affairs, except for occasional briefings by his father's personal advisers. Qaboos studied Islam and the history of his country. His personal relationships were limited to a handpicked group of palace officials who were sons of his father's advisors and a few expatriate friends such as Tim Landon. Sultan Said said that he would not allow his son to be involved with the developing planning process, and Qaboos began to make known his desire for change—which was quietly supported by his expatriate visitors.<ref name="Allen" />Template:Additional citation needed

Rise to powerEdit

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File:President Ronald Reagan during the arrival Ceremony for Sultan Qaboos bin Said of the Sultanate of Oman.jpg
Ronald Reagan with Sultan Qaboos bin Said during a state visit in 1983

Qaboos acceded to the throne on 23 July 1970 following a successful coup against his father, with the aim of ending the country's isolation and using its oil revenue for modernization and development.<ref name="mXC7W">PROFILE-Oman's Sultan Qaboos bin Said Template:Webarchive. Forexyard.com (25 March 2011). Retrieved on 14 July 2011.</ref> He declared that the country would no longer be known as Muscat and Oman, but would change its name to "the Sultanate of Oman" in order to better reflect its political unity.<ref name="ZR8pf">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The coup was supported by the British, with Ian Cobain writing that it was "planned in London by MI6 and by civil servants at the Ministry of Defence and the Foreign Office" and sanctioned by the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson.<ref name="edZnL">Template:Cite book</ref>

The first pressing problem that Qaboos bin Said faced as sultan was an armed communist insurgency from South Yemen, the Dhofar Rebellion (1962–1976). The sultanate eventually defeated the incursion with help from the Shah of Iran, Jordanian troops sent by his friend King Hussein of Jordan, British Special Forces and the Royal Air Force.<ref name="BecR6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

ReignEdit

There were few rudiments of a modern state when Qaboos took power.<ref name="Allen" /> Oman was a poorly developed country, severely lacking in infrastructure, healthcare, and education, with only Template:Cvt of paved roads and a population dependent on subsistence farming and fishing. Qaboos modernized the country using oil revenues. Schools and hospitals were built, and a modern infrastructure was laid down, with hundreds of kilometres of new roads paved, a telecommunications network established, projects for a port and airport that had begun prior to his reign were completed and a second port was built, and electrification was achieved. The government also began to search for new water resources and built a desalination plant, and the government encouraged the growth of private enterprise, especially in development projects. Banks, hotels, insurance companies, and print media began to appear as the country developed economically. The Omani riyal was established as the national currency, replacing the Indian rupee and Maria Theresa thaler. Later, additional ports were built, and universities were opened.<ref name="gjBID">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="ld48c">Oman: the Modernization of the Sultanate, Calvin H. Allen, Jr</ref><ref name="u978h">Oman: The Bradt Travel Guide, Diana Darke</ref> In his first year in power, Qaboos also abolished slavery in Oman.<ref name="nz8JL">Template:Cite book</ref>

The political system which Qaboos established was an absolute monarchy. The Sultan's birthday, 18 November, is celebrated as Oman's national holiday.<ref name="3vLCH">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first day of his reign, 23 July, is celebrated as Renaissance Day.<ref name="f2D5y">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Oman has no system of checks and balances, and thus no separation of powers. All power was concentrated in the Sultan during his reign, and he served as prime minister, minister of foreign affairs, minister of defence, chief of staff of the armed forces, and chairman of the board of the Central Bank of Oman. All legislation since 1970 has been promulgated through royal decrees, including the 1996 Basic Law. The sultan appoints judges, and can grant pardons and commute sentences. The sultan's authority is inviolable.<ref name="bti-project">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Qaboos's closest advisors were reportedly security and intelligence professionals within the Palace Office, headed by General Sultan bin Mohammed al Numani.<ref name="x4TLv">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

2011 Omani protestsEdit

File:VP Cheney Sultan Qaboos Salah Oman 2002.jpg
Sultan Qaboos meets with United States Vice President Dick Cheney during Cheney's visit to the Middle East in 2002.

The 2011 Omani protests were a series of protests in the Persian Gulf country of Oman that occurred as part of the revolutionary wave popularly known as the "Arab Spring".<ref name="CHwlP">Oman budget gap rises to $658mn in Q1, spending up Template:Webarchive. Business Recorder. (10 July 2011). Retrieved 15 January 2012.</ref> The protesters demanded salary increases, lower living costs, the creation of more jobs and a reduction in corruption.Template:Citation needed Protests in Sohar, Oman's fifth-largest city, centered on the Globe Roundabout.<ref name="bGJcv">Globe Roundabout – Sohar, Oman | The Middle East Channel Template:Webarchive. Mideast.foreignpolicy.com. Retrieved 28 March 2011.</ref> The Sultan's responses included the dismissal of a third of the governing cabinet.<ref name="09ILI">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

According to CBS News, 19 June 2011,

Several protest leaders have been detained and released in rolling waves of arrests during the Arab Spring, and dissatisfaction with the state of affairs in the country is high. While disgruntlement amongst the populace is obvious, the extreme dearth of foreign press coverage and lack of general press freedom there leaves it unclear as to whether the protesters want the sultan to leave, or simply want their government to function better. Beyond the recent protests, there is concern about succession in the country, as there is no heir apparent or any clear legislation on who may be the next Sultan.<ref name="cbsnews.com">Template:Cite news</ref>

The Sultan did give token concession to protesters yet detained social media activists. In August 2014, The Omani writer and human rights defender Mohammed Alfazari, the founder and editor-in-chief of the e-magazine Mowatin "Citizen", disappeared after going to the police station in the Al-Qurum district of Muscat, only to be pardoned some time later.<ref name="gaXlf">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="cgRR7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Foreign policyEdit

File:Gates & Qaboos of Oman.jpg
Sultan Qaboos welcomes U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates to Muscat, Oman, April 5, 2008.
File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Sultan of Oman, Sultan Qaboos bin Said Al Said, at Bait Al Baraka, in Muscat, Oman on February 11, 2018.jpg
Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi with Qaboos, 2018

Under Qaboos, Oman fostered closer ties with Iran than other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and was careful to appear neutral and maintain a balance between the West and Iran.<ref name="bnORV">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>A US ambassador’s memories of Sultan Qaboos</ref> As a result, Oman often acted as an intermediary between the United States and Iran.<ref name="aWbk0">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="v0mwq">Template:Cite news</ref> Qaboos helped mediate secret US–Iran talks in 2013 that paved the way to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action two years later.<ref name="PtFqR">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2011, Qaboos facilitated the release of American hikers who were held by Iran, paying $1 million for their freedom.<ref name="smLgf">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite tweet</ref>

Oman did not join the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis in 2015, and did not take sides in a Persian Gulf dispute that saw Saudi Arabia and its allies impose an embargo on Qatar in 2017.<ref name="NYTObit" />

In October 2018, Qaboos invited Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu to visit Oman, despite his country not having official diplomatic ties with Israel. Netanyahu was the first Israeli prime minister to visit Oman since Shimon Peres in 1996.<ref name="IsrVisit">Template:Cite news</ref>

PhilanthropyEdit

Qaboos financed the construction or maintenance of a number of mosques, notably the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, as well as the holy places of other religions.<ref name="Jnfc9">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Through a donation to UNESCO in the early 1990s, Qaboos funded the Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation, to afford recognition to outstanding contributions in the management or preservation of the environment. The prize has been awarded biannually since 1991.<ref name="R4hzO">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal lifeEdit

Qaboos was a Muslim of the Ibadi denomination, which has traditionally ruled Oman. Although Oman is predominantly Muslim, the Sultan granted freedom of religion in the country and financed the construction of four Catholic and Protestant churches in the country as well as several Hindu temples.<ref name="A83Sh">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

The Sultan was an avid fan and promoter of classical music. His 120-member orchestra consists entirely of young Omanis who, since 1986, audition as children and grow up as members of the symphonic ensemble. They play locally and traveled abroad with the Sultan.<ref name="trofimov2001">Template:Cite journal</ref> Argentine composer Lalo Schifrin was commissioned to compose a work entitled Symphonic Impressions of Oman.<ref name="qARKr">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Qaboos was particularly enthusiastic about the pipe organ.<ref name="gvzSp">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Royal Opera House Muscat features the second largest mobile pipe organ in the world, which has three specially made organ stops, named the "Royal Solo" in his honour.<ref name="MaVUB">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}. Times of Oman; "In the Eye of Beauty – An Ode to the Organ" 11 December 2014; retrieved 24 December 2014.</ref> He was also a patron of local folk musician Salim Rashid Suri, whom he made a cultural consultant.<ref name="BritLib">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

On 22 March 1976, Qaboos married his first cousin Sayyida Nawwal bint Tariq Al Said (born 1951), the daughter of his uncle Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur and Sayyida Shawana bint Nasir Al Busaidiyah.<ref name="burke">Template:Cite book</ref> Nawwal was renamed Kamila at the time of her marriage and is the half-sister of Qaboos's successor, Haitham bin Tariq.<ref name="burke"/> The marriage ended in divorce in 1979<ref name="SkSct">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and produced no children.<ref name="YzMid">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In September 1995, Qaboos was involved in a car accident in Salalah just outside his palace, which killed one of his most prominent and influential ministers, the deputy prime minister for finance and economy, Qais Bin Abdul Munim Al Zawawi.<ref name="OaIt2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Qaboos owned several yachts administered by the Oman Royal Yacht Squadron, including Al Said and Fulk Al Salamah, two of the world's largest yachts.

Qaboos was widely believed by Omanis and Gulf Arabs to be homosexual.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Qaboos's obituary in The Times described rumours throughout his life of "liaisons with elegant young European men".<ref name="Times obituary">Template:Cite news</ref>

Illness and deathEdit

Qaboos had suffered from colon cancer since 2014, for which he received treatment.<ref name="w9PID">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="WTr1f">Template:Cite news</ref> On 14 December 2019, he was reported to be terminally ill from the disease after being admitted to the UZ Leuven hospital in Belgium, and opted to return home because he wanted to die in his own country.<ref name="emzY2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="hVOFJ">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He died on 10 January 2020 at the age of 79.<ref name="BBC">Template:Cite news</ref>

Following his death, the royal court declared three days of national mourning and halted all public and private official business for the same period, announcing the national flag would be flown at half-mast for a period of 40 days.<ref name="aljazeera">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Kuwait,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Qatar,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the United Arab Emirates,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Bahrain,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Jordan,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Lebanon,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Egypt<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> all declared three days of mourning; India<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Bangladesh<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> declared one day of mourning. The United Kingdom lowered flags to half-mast as a sign of respect, and Prime Minister Boris Johnson described Qaboos as a "father of the nation", and "an exceptionally wise and respected leader" who "sought to improve the lives of the Omani people" and contributed to the country's development "into a stable and prosperous nation".<ref>Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport. UK flags to fly at half mast for the death of Sultan Qaboos of Oman. Retrieved on 22 March 2022.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

SuccessionEdit

File:Sultan Qaboos's Last Will.jpg
The will of Sultan Qaboos, in which he named his cousin Haitham bin Tariq his heir

Unlike the heads of other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Qaboos did not publicly name an heir. Article 6 of the constitution says the Royal Family Council has three days to choose a new sultan from the date the position falls vacant. If the Royal Family Council fails to agree, a letter containing a name penned by Sultan Qaboos should be opened in the presence of the Defence Council of military and security officials, supreme court chiefs, and heads of the upper and lower houses of the consultative assemblies.<ref name="Dokoupil">Template:Cite news</ref> Analysts saw the rules as an elaborate means of Qaboos securing his choice for successor without causing controversy by making it public during his lifetime, since it was considered unlikely that the royal family would be able to agree on a successor on its own.<ref name="Dokoupil" />

Qaboos had no children, and only one sister, Sayyida Umaima (who predeceased him in 2002), but no male siblings; there are other male members of the Omani royal family including paternal uncles and their families. Using same-generation primogeniture, the successor to Qaboos would appear to be the children of his late uncle Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur, Oman's first prime minister and the Sultan's former father-in-law. Oman watchers believed the top contenders to succeed Qaboos were three of Tariq's sons: Asa'ad bin Tariq, Deputy Prime Minister<ref name="LfL9Y">Template:Cite journal</ref> for International Relations and Cooperation<ref name="jtukv">Template:Cite news</ref> and the Sultan's special representative; Shihab bin Tariq, a retired commander of the Royal Navy of Oman; and Haitham bin Tariq, Minister of Heritage and National Culture.<ref name="Dokoupil" /><ref name="dugyF">Template:Cite news</ref>

On 11 January 2020, Oman state TV said the Royal Family Council, in a letter to the Defense Council, had decided to defer to the choice that Qaboos named in his will, and thus had opened the letter by Qaboos naming his successor, announcing shortly that Haitham bin Tariq is the country's ruling sultan.<ref name="v6fty">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Haitham has two sons and two daughters.<ref name="oXnU3">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="KfGIN">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Awards and decorationsEdit

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National honoursEdit

Foreign honoursEdit

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AncestryEdit

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LegacyEdit

In June 2022, his Service Medal of the Order of St John was ceremonially consecrated in London.<ref>Memorial tribute paid to Late Sultan Qaboos in London. Oman News Agency. Retrieved on 27, June 2022.</ref>

PalaceEdit

Name City Area Coordinates Features
Al Alam Palace<ref name="TiKKN">Template:Cite book</ref> Muscat Template:Convert Template:Coord

See alsoEdit

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NotesEdit

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ReferencesEdit

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External linksEdit

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