Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Expand Dutch Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox royalty Template:Dutch Royal Family
Beatrix<ref>Members of the Royal House: Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands – official website of the Royal house of the Netherlands</ref> (Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard, {{#invoke:IPA|main}}; born 31 January 1938) is a member of the Dutch royal house who reigned as Queen of the Netherlands from 1980 until her abdication in 2013.
Beatrix was born during the reign of her maternal grandmother, Queen Wilhelmina, and became heiress presumptive upon the accession of her mother, Queen Juliana, in 1948. Beatrix attended a public primary school in Canada during World War II, and then finished her primary and secondary education in the Netherlands in the post-war period. In 1961, she received her law degree from Leiden University. In 1966, Beatrix married Claus von Amsberg, a German diplomat, with whom she had three children. When her mother abdicated on 30 April 1980, Beatrix succeeded her as queen.
Beatrix's reign saw the country's Caribbean possessions reshaped with Aruba's secession and becoming its own constituent country within the kingdom in 1986. This was followed by the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in 2010, which created the new special municipalities of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba, and the two new constituent countries of Curaçao and Sint Maarten.
On Koninginnedag (Queen's Day), 30 April 2013, Beatrix abdicated in favour of her eldest son, Willem-Alexander.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the time of her abdication at age 75, Beatrix was the oldest reigning monarch in the country's history.<ref>Myrtille van Bommel, "Beatrix oldest Dutch reigning monarch Template:Webarchive", Radio Netherlands Worldwide, 2011. Retrieved on 15 May 2012.</ref>
Early lifeEdit
Princess Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard was born on 31 January 1938 at Soestdijk Palace in Baarn, Netherlands, as the first child of Princess Juliana of the Netherlands and her husband, Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld.<ref name="youth">Youth Template:Webarchive. The Dutch Royal House. Retrieved on 11 July 2008.</ref> Beatrix was baptised on 12 May 1938 in the Great Church in The Hague.<ref>Template:In lang Geschiedenis Template:Webarchive, Grote Kerk Den Haag. Retrieved on 15 May 2012.</ref> Her five godparents were King Leopold III of Belgium; Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone; Beatrix's maternal great-great-aunt Elisabeth, Princess of Erbach-Schönberg; her paternal great-uncle Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg; and Countess Allene de Kotzebue.<ref>De vijf peetouders van prinses Beatrix. The Memory of the Netherlands. Retrieved on 11 July 2008.</ref> Beatrix's middle names are the first names of her grandmothers, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and Armgard, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld.
When Beatrix was one year old, in 1939, her younger sister Princess Irene was born.<ref name="youth"/>
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World War II broke out in the Netherlands on 10 May 1940 (Westfeldzug). On 13 May, the Dutch Royal Family evacuated to London, United Kingdom. One month later, Beatrix went to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, with her mother Juliana and her sister Irene, while her father Bernhard and maternal grandmother Queen Wilhelmina remained in London.<ref name="youth"/> The family lived at the Stornoway residence (now the residence of the Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of Canada).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> With bodyguards and ladies in waiting, the family summered at Bigwin Inn on Lake of Bays, Ontario, where four private stone cottages of the resort served as their retreat. While on Bigwin Island, the constitution of the Netherlands was stored in the safe of Bigwin Inn's rotunda building. Princess Juliana and her family were remembered for their "down to earth" friendliness, general gratefulness and great reverence for their homeland and people, to whom they paid homage by refraining from all luxuries offered to guests at the resort that was once billed as the largest and most luxurious summer resort in Canada. To provide them with a greater sense of security, culinary chefs and staff catered to personal orders at meal time. Upon their departure, the hotel musicians of the Bigwin Inn Orchestra assembled dockside; and at every public performance afterward through to the end of World War II, the Wilhelmus was played. In the years following the shuttering and neglect of the island resort, the "Juliana" cottages were well maintained and preserved in an informal tribute to Princess Juliana and her family. In thanks for the protection of her and her daughters, Princess Juliana established the custom of delivery to the Canadian government every spring of tulips, which is the centrepiece of the Canadian Tulip Festival.
The second sister of Beatrix, Princess Margriet, was born in Ottawa in 1943.<ref name="youth"/> During their exile in Canada, Beatrix attended nursery and<ref name="education">Education Template:Webarchive. The Dutch Royal House. Retrieved on 11 July 2008.</ref> Rockcliffe Park Public School, a primary school where she was known as "Trixie Orange".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On 5 May 1945, the German troops in the Netherlands surrendered. The family returned to the Netherlands on 2 August 1945. Beatrix went to the progressive primary school De Werkplaats in Bilthoven run by pacifist social reformers Kees Boeke and Beatrice Boeke-Cadbury. Her third sister Princess Christina was born in 1947.<ref name="youth"/> On 6 September 1948, her mother succeeded her grandmother Wilhelmina as Queen of the Netherlands. Since she had no brothers, Beatrix became the heiress presumptive to the Dutch throne at the age of ten.
EducationEdit
In April 1950, Princess Beatrix entered the Incrementum, a part of Baarnsch Lyceum, where, in 1956, she passed her school graduation examinations in the subjects of arts and classics.<ref name="studies">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her tutor from April 1951 was Template:Ill, who remained a close confidant until Büringh Boekhoudt's death in 1982.Template:Sfn
In 1954, Beatrix served as a bridesmaid at the wedding of Baroness van Randwijck and Mr. T Boey.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On 31 January 1956, Beatrix celebrated her 18th birthday. From that date, under the Constitution of the Netherlands, she was entitled to assume the Royal Prerogative. At that time, her mother installed her in the Council of State.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The same year her studies at Leiden University began. In her first years at the university, she studied sociology, jurisprudence, economics, parliamentary history and constitutional law.<ref name="studies"/> In the course of her studies she also attended lectures on the cultures of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands, international affairs, international law, history and European law.
The princess also visited various European and international organisations in Geneva, Strasbourg, Paris, and Brussels. She was also an active member of the VVSL (Female Union for Students in Leiden), now called L.S.V. Minerva, after merging with the Leidsch Studenten Corps (which before then was male-only). In the summer of 1959, she passed her preliminary examination in law, and she obtained her law degree in July 1961.<ref name="studies"/>
Political involvementEdit
In 1965, Beatrix became engaged to the German aristocrat Claus von Amsberg, a diplomat working for the German Foreign Office. There was a massive protest on their wedding day in Amsterdam on 10 March 1966. Prince Claus had served in the Hitler Youth and the Wehrmacht and therefore was easily associated with German Nazism. Protests included slogans like "Claus 'raus!" (Claus out!) and "Mijn fiets terug" ("Return my bicycle" – a reference to German soldiers confiscating Dutch bicycles during WWII). A group of Provos threw a smoke bomb at the Golden Coach, resulting in a street battle with the police.
As time went on, Prince Claus became one of the most popular members of the Dutch monarchy, and his death in 2002 was widely mourned.Template:Fact
On 25 November 1975, Beatrix and Prince Claus attended the independence ceremony of Suriname, held in the new nation's capital, Paramaribo, representing her mother the Queen.
As a monarch, Beatrix had weekly meetings with the prime minister. She signed all new Acts of Parliament and royal decrees, and until a constitutional change late in her reign, appointed the informateur, an official who is responsible for chairing coalition talks in the formation of new governments. At the state opening of parliament each September, she made a Speech from the Throne, in which the government announced its plans for the coming parliamentary year. As Queen, she was president of the Council of State. Her role was largely ceremonial and as a focus of national unity, she did not make legislative or executive decisions.
Beatrix is a member of the Bilderberg Group.<ref name=prweb97>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Marriage and childrenEdit
Engagement to ClausEdit
On 28 June 1965, the engagement of Princess Beatrix to the German diplomat Claus von Amsberg was announced. Claus and Beatrix had met at the wedding-eve party of Princess Tatjana of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg and Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse, in summer 1964. After Parliament consented to the marriage, Claus von Amsberg became a Dutch citizen, and upon his marriage became Prince Claus of the Netherlands, Jonkheer van Amsberg.
Wedding, 1966Edit
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Beatrix married Claus von Amsberg on 10 March 1966 in civil and religious ceremonies.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}Template:Cbignore</ref> The bride wore a traditional gown with train in duchesse silk satin, designed by Caroline Bergé-Farwick of Maison Linette, in Den Bosch, and the Württemberg Ornate Pearl Tiara. The senior bridesmaids were the bride's youngest sister, Princess Christina of the Netherlands; Princess Christina of Sweden; Lady Elizabeth Anson; Joanna Roëll; Eugénie Loudon; and the bridegroom's sister, Christina von Amsberg. The junior bridesmaids were Daphne Stewart-Clark and Carolijn Alting von Geusau, with page boys Joachim Jencquel and Markus von Oeynhausen-Sierstorpff.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The royal couple travelled to the ceremony together in the gold state carriage.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The civil ceremony was conducted by the Mayor of Amsterdam, Gijsbert van Hall, at Amsterdam City Hall. The marriage blessing took place in the Westerkerk, conducted by the Rev. Hendrik Jan Kater, with a sermon by the Rev. Johannes Hendrik Sillevis Smitt.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ChildrenEdit
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The royal couple had three sons. They lived at Drakensteyn Castle in Lage Vuursche with their children until Beatrix ascended the throne. In 1981, they moved into Huis ten Bosch Palace in The Hague.
| Name | Birth | Death | Marriage | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | Spouse | Issue | |||
| Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands | Template:Dts | [[Wedding of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, and Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti|Template:Dts]] | Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti | Template:Plainlist | |
| Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | Mabel Wisse Smit | Template:Plainlist |
| Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands | Template:Dts | Template:Dts | Laurentien Brinkhorst | Template:Plainlist | |
Accession and inaugurationEdit
From the 1970s, Beatrix began to prepare more intensively for her future position as head of state. She made many trips abroad with Prince Claus, including a controversial one to the Soviet Union.
After the Lockheed affair, Beatrix and Claus began to delve into the royal household and made plans to adapt it. In addition, they asked advisers to prepare for Beatrix's reign. On 31 January 1980, the birthday of her eldest daughter and heiress presumptive, Queen Juliana announced during a live television speech that she wished to abdicate on 30 April in favor of her daughter Beatrix.
That Beatrix would succeed her mother as queen was not a matter of course when she was born. It was not until 1983 that the Constitution was amended in such a way that the eldest child of the head of state becomes the legal heir to the throne. Until then, it had been arranged that the eldest son always had priority over a daughter. It was only after it was clear that Juliana was biologically unable to have any more children, let alone a son, that Beatrix was certain that she was the intended successor.
On 30 April 1980, Juliana abdicated, and Beatrix became the 13th member of the House of Orange to reign over the Netherlands. She was sworn in and inaugurated as monarch during a joint session of the two chambers of the States General at a ceremony held in the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam later that day.
ReignEdit
Beatrix's constitutional duties included those typically accorded to a head of state; this includes having to sign every piece of legislation before it becomes law, formally appointing various officials, receiving and accrediting ambassadors, and awarding honours and medals, among others. Outside of these constitutional duties, her other informal roles included being the highest representative of the kingdom internationally and to be a unifying figure locally.
Beatrix was rarely quoted directly in the press during her reign, for the government information service (Rijksvoorlichtingsdienst) made it a condition of interviews that she should not be quoted. This policy was introduced shortly after her inauguration, reportedly to protect her from political complications that might arise from "off-the-cuff" remarks. It did not apply to her son Prince Willem-Alexander.
Throughout much of her reign, Beatrix had a considerable role in the cabinet formation process; notably she appointed the informateur and formateur, the person who leads the negotiations that ultimately lead to the formation of a government. However, this was changed in 2012, and now the largest party in the States General appoints a "scout" who then appoints an informateur.
Beatrix was included in Andy Warhol's portrait series in 1985 as one of four Reigning Queens, alongside Elizabeth II, Margrethe II of Denmark and Ntfombi of Eswatini.<ref>Los Angeles Times. Muchnic, Suzanne. The Art Galleries: Downtown, articles.latimes.com; 20 December 1985.</ref>
On 1 January 1986, Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles and became a separate constituent country within the Dutch Kingdom.
Kissed by a bystanderEdit
During 1988 Queen's Day, Queen Beatrix was kissed by a bystander, later identified as Maarten Rijkers, when she walked through the crowd of people at a flea market in the Jordaan. When Beatrix walked alongside Rijkers he said "Give me a kiss, girl", after which he gave her a hug and two kisses.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It received wide media attention and appeared to be a historic moment.<ref name="auto">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="nos.nl">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> An image of this scene was published in large on the front page of De Telegraaf. Even 25 years later in 2013, NRC Handelsblad wrote an article about it and the impact of it.<ref name="auto" />
The reaction of the Queen was seen by people as very positive and was a boost for her reputation in the "Jordaan" region of Amsterdam. The visit was promoted as a "spontaneous visit" to boost her popularity as she was not very popular in the region. Historian and Dutch royalty watcher J. G. Kikkert said in a lecture that the kiss had been staged, based on what he called "usually very reliable sources".<ref name="auto" /><ref name="nos.nl" /> He also noted that although the visit and the kiss might not have been her idea, but that of others, she certainly would have given her approval as she was known not to leave things to chance.
Later yearsEdit
On 6 October 2002, the Queen's husband, Prince Claus, died after a long illness. A year and a half later her mother died after long suffering from senile dementia, while her father succumbed to cancer in December 2004.
On 8 February 2005, Beatrix received a rare honorary doctorate from Leiden University, an honour the Queen does not usually accept. In her acceptance speech she reflected on the monarchy and her own 25 years as Queen.<ref>[1]
Template:Webarchive</ref> The speech was broadcast live.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On 29 and 30 April 2005, she celebrated the 25th anniversary of her reign. She was interviewed on Dutch television, was offered a concert on Dam Square in Amsterdam, and a celebration took place in The Hague, the country's seat of government.
On 31 May 2006 the 6th Polish Air Assault Brigade would receive the Militaire Willemsorde der 4e klasse in The Hague. Beatrix was to tie the prestigious medal to the standard of the incumbents of the 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2009, Forbes estimated her wealth at US$300 million.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On 30 April 2009, Beatrix and other members of the royal family were targeted in a car attack by a man named Karst Tates. He crashed his Suzuki Swift into a parade in Apeldoorn, narrowly missing a bus carrying the Queen, before dying as a result of his injuries. Five people were killed instantly, with two victims also succumbing to their injuries afterward. Other victims of the crash were critically hurt. One week after the attack, another victim succumbed to the injuries he had sustained. The royal party was unharmed, but the Queen and members of her family saw the crash at close range. Within hours, Beatrix made a rare televised address to express her shock and condolences. The man reportedly told police he was deliberately targeting the royal family.<ref name="NOS-doelwit">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
AbdicationEdit
In a broadcast on national media on 28 January 2013, Beatrix announced her intention to abdicate on 30 April (Koninginnedag), when she would have been on the throne for exactly 33 years. Beatrix stated that it was time to "place the responsibility for the country in the hands of a new generation."<ref name="AlJ-abdicate1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Her heir apparent was her eldest son, Prince Willem-Alexander.<ref name="BBCabdicate1" /> She was the third successive Dutch monarch to abdicate, following her grandmother and her mother.<ref name="BBCabdicate1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The broadcast was followed by a statement from Prime Minister Mark Rutte who paid tribute to Beatrix, saying "Since her investiture in 1980, she has applied herself heart and soul to Dutch society."<ref name="AlJ-abdicate1" />
The royal transition, which included the inauguration of Willem-Alexander as king, took place on 30 April 2013.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Post-abdicationEdit
Beatrix continues to undertake some royal duties and is a patron of many organisations. She lives in the small moated Drakensteyn Castle near the village of Lage Vuursche, and a townhouse near Noordeinde Palace.<ref>(Dutch) Verhuizing Prinses Beatrix, Koninklijk Huis. Retrieved 24 July 2013.</ref>
Honorific eponymsEdit
Beatrix has given her name to a number of facilities in the Netherlands and beyond. These include:
- Streekziekenhuis Koningin Beatrix, regional hospital in Beatrixpark, Winterswijk.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Queen Beatrix International Airport in Aruba.
- Reina Beatrix School in Aruba.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Queen Beatrix Hospital Medical Center, Sint Eustatius.<ref>University of Sint Eustatius School of Medicine {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
- Queen Beatrix Chair in Dutch Studies at UC Berkeley<ref>[2] Template:Webarchive</ref>
- Queen Beatrix Nursing Home, Albion Park Rail, NSW, Australia.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A few parks in the country also bear her name:
- Beatrixpark in the Oud-Zuid neighbourhood in Amsterdam.
- Beatrixpark in Almere.
- Beatrixpark in 's-Hertogenbosch.
- Beatrixpark in Utrecht.
- Beatrixpark in Schiedam.
It has been speculated that Beatrix is De Onbekende Beeldhouwer (Unknown Sculptor), whose work has been appearing in Amsterdam since 1983. There has been no confirmation of this.<ref>Depictions, text in Dutch Retrieved 23 June 2017.</ref>
Titles, styles, honours and armsEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}
- 31 January 1938 – 30 April 1980: Her Royal Highness Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld<ref name=Parlement>H.M. (koningin Beatrix) Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard Template:Webarchive (Parlement.nl)</ref>
- 30 April 1980 – 30 April 2013: Her Majesty The Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld<ref name="Parlement"/>
- 30 April 2013 – present: Her Royal Highness Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld<ref name="Parlement"/>
Princess Beatrix has held titles throughout her life, as a granddaughter or daughter of a monarch, and eventually as the Sovereign. Beatrix's official title was Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, etc., etc., etc.<ref name="Parlement"/> The triple etc. refers to the monarch's many dormant titles. She signed official documents with only "Beatrix". In common parlance, she was referred to as The Queen (de koningin or de vorstin) or Her Majesty (Hare Majesteit). But when in conversation with the queen the practice was to initially address her as "Your Majesty" or in Dutch as "Uwe Majesteit"<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and thereafter as "Mevrouw" (ma'am).<ref name=stylepref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Beatrix has received honours and awards from countries around the world, both during her life as a princess and as a monarch. In her capacity as the Sovereign she was Grand Master of the Military Order of William (Militaire Willemsorde) and the other Dutch orders of merit. She is a Stranger Lady of the Most Noble Order of the Garter and the 1,187th Dame of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Spain, and she has received numerous other medals and decorations.
From birth till her inauguration as queen, she had the following name and titles, to which she reverted after her abdication: Her Royal Highness Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ArmsEdit
AncestryEdit
Template:See also Template:Ahnentafel
Prime Ministers during her reignEdit
| Polity | Prime Minister | Start year | End year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aruba | Henny Eman | 1986 | 1989<ref>Aruba received status aparte in 1986.</ref> |
| Nelson O. Oduber | 1989 | 1994 | |
| Henny Eman | 1994 | 2001 | |
| Nelson O. Oduber | 2001 | 2009 | |
| Mike Eman | 2009 | 2013 | |
| Netherlands | Dries van Agt | 1977 | 1982 |
| Ruud Lubbers | 1982 | 1994 | |
| Wim Kok | 1994 | 2002 | |
| Jan Peter Balkenende | 2002 | 2010 | |
| Mark Rutte | 2010 | 2013 | |
| Netherlands Antilles | Dominico Martina | 1979 | 1984 |
| Maria Liberia Peters | 1984 | 1986 | |
| Dominico Martina | 1986 | 1988 | |
| Maria Liberia Peters | 1988 | 1993 | |
| Susanne Camelia-Römer | 1993 | ||
| Alejandro Felippe Paula | |||
| Miguel Arcangel Pourier | 1994 | 1998 | |
| Susanne Camelia-Römer | 1998 | 1999 | |
| Miguel Arcangel Pourier | 1999 | 2002 | |
| Etienne Ys | 2002 | 2003 | |
| Ben Komproe | 2003 | ||
| Mirna Louisa-Godett | 2003 | 2004 | |
| Etienne Ys | 2004 | 2006 | |
| Emily de Jongh-Elhage | 2006 | 2010 | |
| Curaçao | Gerrit Schotte | 2010 | 2012 |
| Stanley Betrian | 2012 | 2012 | |
| Daniel Hodge | 2012 | 2013 | |
| Sint Maarten | Sarah Wescot-Williams | 2010 | 2013 |
ReferencesEdit
BooksEdit
External linksEdit
- Template:Official website of Princess Beatrix
- Template:PM20
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