Quintus Lollius Urbicus

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Quintus Lollius Urbicus was a Berber<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> governor of Roman Britain between the years 139 and 142, during the reign of the Emperor Antoninus Pius. He is named in the Historia Augusta, although it is not entirely historical, and his name appears on five Roman inscriptions from Britain; his career is set out in detail on a pair of inscriptions set up in his native Tiddis near Cirta (Constantine, Algeria), Numidia.

Early lifeEdit

Lollius Urbicus was the son of Marcus Lollius Senecio, who was a Berber landowner,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and his wife Grania Honorata.<ref>His family is named on the four sides of a pillar from Tiddis, Template:CIL ("For his father Marcus Lollius Senecio, his mother Grania Honorata, his brother Lucius Lollius Senex, his brother Marcus Lollius Honoratus, and his uncle Publius Granius Paulus, Quintus Lollius Urbicus the Prefect of the City (set this up)").</ref> Professor Edward Champlin included Adventus as a member of "a Cirtan community at Rome" he infers existed there, whose members included: Publius Pactumeius Clemens, consul in 138; Gaius Arrius Antoninus, consul c. 170; and the orator Marcus Cornelius Fronto. Champlin notes that Urbicus, along with Pactumeius Clemens, would later be useful patrons for Fronto at the beginning of the orator's career.<ref>Champlin, Fronto and Antonine Rome (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1980), pp. 14f</ref>

Early careerEdit

The early senatorial career of Lollius Urbicus is known from a detailed inscription erected in Tiddis.<ref>Template:CIL The posts are shown in reverse order, sandwiched between the twin honours of the consulship (top) and his patronage of his hometown (bottom).</ref> After a military tribunate with the Legio XXII Primigenia at Mogontiacum (present-day Mainz), he entered the Senate and served for a year as legate to the proconsul of Asia. He quickly rose to prominence as emperor Hadrian's candidate, and received a commission as legatus or commander of the Legio X Gemina at Vienna. He received dona militaria, or military decorations, for his service as a legate during Hadrian's Jewish War of 132–135. His consulship can be placed in 135 or 136, after which he governed Germania Inferior. He was transferred to Britannia soon after Hadrian's death.<ref>W. Eck, Die Statthalter der germanischen Provinzen vom 1.-3. Jahrhundert (Epigraphische Studien Band 14, Cologne/Bonn, 1985, p. 168.</ref>

Governor of BritainEdit

According to the Augustan History, the emperor Antoninus Pius "defeated the Britons through the agency of the legate Lollius Urbicus".<ref>Historia Augusta, Antoninus Pius 5.4.</ref> It seems that, in a reversal of Hadrianic policy in Britain, he sent Lollius Urbicus to effect the reconquest of Lowland Scotland. Between 139 and 140 Urbicus refurbished the fort at Corbridge,<ref>RIB 1147 and 1148. Rebuilding was also under way at High Rochester, RIB 1276.</ref> in preparation for the move north of Hadrian's Wall, and commemorative coins were issued in 142<ref>The coins (RIC 745) showing the figure of Britannia as the reverse image are broadly datable to the period AD 140–142 by Pius' titulature (ANTONINUS AUG PIUS P P TR P COS III), but the reverse legend (IMPERATOR II) can be dated by cross-reference to the Puteoli inscription (Template:CIL) linking IMP II with TRIB POT V (AD 142).</ref> celebrating a victory in BritainTemplate:Citation needed. It is therefore likely that Urbicus led the reoccupation of southern Scotland in 141 including the capture of Burnswark Hill,<ref name="reid">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> using all three legions and a variety of auxiliary units. In 143 he oversaw the initial construction of the Antonine Wall; he is explicitly named on building inscriptions from Balmuildy.<ref>RIB 2191 and 2192. The inscriptions are undated within the reign of Antoninus Pius, but probably relate to AD 142 or 143.</ref>

Template:Original Research

No historical source describes the Antonine invasion, so any attempted reconstruction will be purely speculative. Urbicus may have campaigned against several British tribes (possibly including factions of the northern Brigantes), certainly against the lowland tribes of Scotland; the Votadini and the Selgovae of the Scottish Borders region, also the Damnonii of Strathclyde and the Novantae of Dumfries and Galloway. All three of the legions of Britain would have taken part (Legio II Augusta based at Caerleon, the Sixth Victrix based at York and the Twentieth Valeria Victrix based at Chester), as they are all mentioned on the inscriptions recording building work undertaken along the Antonine Wall. This legionary core was, no doubt, backed up by a substantial contingent of auxiliary units, of which we have record of around nine regiments (e.g. RIB 1276, 2140, 2142, 2149, 2155, 3509).

It seems likely that Urbicus planned his campaign of attack from Corbridge in Northumberland, just to the rear of Hadrian's Wall, as dedicatory inscriptions positively dated to the early 140s have been uncovered at the Antonine storage-depot there. From here he drove north-north-west into the Scottish Borders along the Agricolan military road Dere Street, leaving garrison forts at High Rochester in Northumberland and possibly also at Newstead in the Borders, as he struck towards the Firth of Forth. Both of these sites, as well as similar military installations at Risingham, Chew Green, Cappuck and Inveresk, were very likely used as bases from which to police the lowland tribes, namely the Votadini to the east and the Selgovae to the west.

Having secured an overland supply route for military personnel and equipment along Dere Street, Urbicus very likely set up a supply port at Carriden for the supply of grain and other foodstuffs before proceeding against the Dumnonii tribe in South Strathclyde. This done, then came the task of completing a new barrier of turf and timber stretching for thirty-five miles from east to west across the narrow neck of land separating the mighty Rivers Forth and Clyde, nowadays known as the Antonine Wall.

Later careerEdit

Urbicus returned to Rome with the prospect of the prestigious post of praefectus urbi (Prefect of Rome), which he probably held in AD 146, after the death of the incumbent, Sextus Erucius Clarus. He was perhaps the praefectus urbi who is known to have died in AD 160.<ref>L. Vidman, Fasti Ostienses (2nd edn, 1982), p. 52: [... Q Lollius Urbicus praef(ectus) u]rb(is) excessi[t].</ref>

One recorded activity of Urbicus while praefectus urbi was his presiding at the trial of one Ptolemaeus, who had been accused by her ex-husband of being a Christian; she admitted to the prefect that she was indeed a Christian and was sentenced to death. This trial led Justin Martyr, who had converted her, to write his Apology to plead for her life.<ref>Anthony R. Birley, Marcus Aurelius: A Biography (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 111f</ref>

Citing Urbicus' career inscription, Colin Wells concludes that: "At no other period of history could the second or third son of a Berber landowner from a very small town in the interior enjoy a career which took him to Asia, Judaea, the Danube . . . the lower Rhine and Great Britain, culminating in a position of great power and honor in the capital of the empire to which all these regions belonged."<ref>Collin Wells. The Roman empire p. 226. Harvard University Press, 1995. Template:ISBN</ref>

NotesEdit

ReferencesEdit

A.R. Birley, The Roman Government of Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 112–115 Template:ISBN.

External linksEdit

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