Raised fist
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The raised fist, or the clenched fist, is a long-standing image of mixed meaning, often a symbol of solidarity, especially with a political movement. It is a common symbol representing a wide range of political ideologies, most notably socialism, communism, anarchism, and trade unionism, and can also be used as a salute expressing unity, strength, or resistance.
HistoryEdit
The origin of the raised fist as either a symbol or gesture is unclear. Its use in trade unionism, anarchism, and the labor movement had begun by the 1910s. William "Big Bill" Haywood, a founding member of the Industrial Workers of the World, used the metaphor of a fist as something greater than the sum of its parts during a speech at the 1913 Paterson silk strike.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Journalist and socialist activist John Reed described hearing a similar description from a participant in the strike.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> A large raised fist rising from a crowd of striking workers was used to promote a mass strike in Budapest in 1912.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the United States, clenched fist was described by the magazine Mother Earth as "symbolical of the social revolution" in 1914.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
The use of the fist as a salute by communists and antifascists is first evidenced in 1924, when it was adopted for the Communist Party of Germany's Roter Frontkämpferbund ("Alliance of Red Front-Fighters"). In reaction, the Nazi Party adopted the well-known Roman salute two years later.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The gesture of the raised fist was apparently known in the United States as well, and is seen in a photograph from a May Day march in New York City in 1936.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It is perhaps best known in this era from its use during the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939, as a greeting by the Republican faction, and known as the "Popular Front salute" or the "anti-fascist salute".<ref name="bbc">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
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The graphic symbol was popularised in 1948 by Taller de Gráfica Popular, a print shop in Mexico that used art to advance revolutionary social causes.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Its use spread through the United States in the 1960s after artist and activist Frank Cieciorka produced a simplified version for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee: this version was subsequently used by Students for a Democratic Society and the Black Power movement.<ref name=aiga>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The raised right fist was frequently used in posters produced during the May 1968 revolt in France, such as La Lutte continue, depicting a factory chimney topped with a clenched fist.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Robin Morgan designed the feminist symbol of a raised fist within the Venus symbol for a protest of the 1969 Miss America pageant, where it was popularized.<ref>Felder, Deborah G. The American Women's Almanac: 500 Years of Making History. United States: Visible Ink Press, 2020.</ref><ref>Davis, Ben. Art in the After-Culture: Capitalist Crisis and Cultural Strategy. United Kingdom: Haymarket Books, 2022.</ref>
A raised fist incorporating the outline of the state of Wisconsin, as designed in 2011, is meant for union protests against the state rescinding collective bargaining.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
LogoEdit
The raised fist logo generally carries the same symbolism as a hand gesture. It was an important symbol of workers rights and labor movements, as well as specific labor actions, such as strikes, boycotts, and walk-outs.
Notable examples include the fist and rose, a white fist holding a red rose, used by the Socialist International and some socialist or social democratic parties, such as the French Socialist Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party.<ref name="bbc" /> The fist can represent ethnic solidarity, such as in the Black Power fist of Black nationalism and the Black Panther Party, a Black Marxist group in the 1960s,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> or the White Power fist of White nationalism.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> A Black fist logo was also adopted by the northern soul music subculture. Loyalists in Northern Ireland occasionally use a red clenched fist on murals depicting the Red Hand of Ulster, which is also featured on the flag of Ulster.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Irish republicans, on the other hand, have been seen displaying raised fists.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The image gallery shows how a raised fist is used in visual communication. Combined with another graphic element, a raised fist is used to convey polysemous gestures and opposing forces.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Depending on the elements combined, the meaning of the gesture changes in tone and intention. For example, a hammer and sickle combined with a raised right fist is part of communist symbolism, while the same right fist combined with a Venus symbol represents Feminism, and combined with a book, it represents some librarians who oppose digital rights management. The Gonzo fist emblem, characterized by two thumbs and four fingers holding a peyote button, was originally used in Hunter S. Thompson's 1970 campaign for sheriff of Aspen, Colorado. It has become a symbol of Thompson and gonzo journalism as a whole.
The Unicode character for the raised fist is Template:Unichar.
- The hand that will rule the world.jpg
Solidarity cartoon 1917
- Civil Liberties in War Times by Max Lerner 1940.jpg
Civil liberties poster 1940
- Fist .svg
Painted symbol of the Power Fist
- PvdA logo roos in vuist.svg
- Womanpower logo.svg
- Symbol of masculism.png
- Gonzo.svg
The "Gonzo fist"
- Otpor-serbian.jpg
- Flag of Kach and Kahane Chai.svg
- Piotr Uklanski - Untitled (Fist).jpg
Piotr Uklański, Untitled (Fist) 2008
- Stand With Wisconsin Raised Fist.jpg
Stand with Wisconsin, 2011 (Wisconsin AFL-CIO)
- LibrariansAgainstDRM.svg
Librarians Against DRM
- Racist Aryan Fist or White Power Fist used by white supremacists.svg
White power fist, used by white nationalists and white supremacists, popularised by the band Skrewdriver.
SaluteEdit
Different movements sometimes use different terms to describe the raised fist salute: amongst communists and socialists, raised right fist is sometimes called the red salute, whereas in the United States it is widely known as the Black Power salute due to use by many African-American activists. The Rotfrontkämpferbund paramilitary organization of Communist Party of Germany used the right hand fist salute as early as 1924.<ref>Korff, Gottfried: "Symbolgeschichte als Sozialgeschichte? Zehn vorläufige Notizen zu den Bild- und Zeichensystemen sozialer Bewegungen in Deutschland", in: Warneken, Bernd Jürgen (Hg.): "Massenmedium Strasse. Zur Kulturgeschichte der Demonstrationen." Frankfurt/Main 1991. S. 27–28. Cited in: Schulte-Rummel, Sven "Die politische Symbolik der Kommunistischen Partei Deutschlands in der Weimarer Republlik" [1]. "Im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen Symbolen der Kommunisten beginnt die Geschichte der geballten Faust in der Ära der Weimarer Republik. Sie war prägendes Symbol bei Straßenaufmärschen, Spiegel der gewaltbereiten Demonstranten, die voller Frust über das System dem Staat die geballte Faust zeigten." Translation: "Unlikely the most of other Communists symbols, the history of Raised right fist started in the era of Weimar Republic. It was a definitive symbol of street marches, reflection of the marchers who were ready for violence, who were disappointed by the whole system of the state and showed their clenched fists to it."</ref> By this time, the Soviet Union had already established the use of a traditional Russian military salute. During the Spanish Civil War, it was sometimes known as the anti-fascist salute. A letter from the Spanish Civil War stated: "...the raised fist which greets you in Salud is not just a gesture—it means life and liberty being fought for and a greeting of solidarity with the democratic peoples of the world."<ref>Rolfe, Mary. Letter to Leo Hurwitz and Janey Dudley, 25 November 1938. Reprinted in Cary Nelson and Jefferson Hendricks, eds. "Madrid 1937: Letters of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade from the Spanish Civil War," Routledge: 1996. [2]</ref>
At the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, medal winners John Carlos and Tommie Smith gave the raised fist salute during the American national anthem as a sign of black power, and as a protest on behalf of the Olympic Project for Human Rights. They were banned from further Olympic activities by the IOC, as the rules then in place prohibited any political statements at the Olympics. The event was one of the most overtly political statements<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> in the history of the modern Olympic Games. Tommie Smith stated in his autobiography, "Silent Gesture", that the salute was not a Black Power salute, but in fact a human rights salute.<ref>Silent Gesture – Autobiography of Tommie Smith (excerpt via Google Books) – Smith, Tommie & Steele, David, Temple University Press, 2007, Template:ISBN pg. 22 quotes: "To this very day, the gesture made on the victory stand is described as Black Power salute; it was not." "We were students, and we were dedicated to the Olympic Project for Human Rights."</ref>
Nelson Mandela also used the clenched right fist salute upon his release from Victor Verster Prison in 1990.<ref name=bbc />
The raised right fist is used by officials in People's Republic of China when being sworn into office.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Psychologist Oliver James has suggested that the appeal of the salute is that it allows the individual to indicate that they "intend to meet malevolent, massive institutional force with force of (their) own", and that they are bound in struggle with others against common oppression.<ref name=bbc />
- Mlada partizanka.jpg
The raised fist was the official salute of communist partisan armies throughout the Balkans during World War II, as performed by this Yugoslav partisan.
- John Carlos, Tommie Smith, Peter Norman 1968cr.jpg
Gold medalist Tommie Smith (center) and bronze medalist John Carlos (right) showing the raised fist on the podium after the 200 m race at the 1968 Summer Olympics
- Raised Fist at antiwar demo.jpg
February 15, 2003: A woman raises her right fist in solidarity with protestors opposing the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
- George Floyd protest in Grand Army Plaza June 7 (73353).jpg
George Floyd protest, 2020
See alsoEdit
- 1968 Olympics Black Power salute
- 1972 Olympics Black Power salute
- Black Lives Matter
- Bras d'honneur
- Civil disobedience
- "Death to fascism, freedom to the people"
- Fist and rose
- "Hands up, don't shoot"
- Lal Salam
- Taking the knee
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- A brief history of the 'clenched fist' image Template:Webarchive
- Bitter price of Olympics' iconic image Template:Webarchive – from Los Angeles Daily News
- India Faces Maoist 'Red Salute' – from BBC World News
- Aryan Fist article – from the Anti-Defamation League
- Jenna Amatulli: The Raised Fist Emoji Is Social Media's Resistance Symbol