Template:Short description {{#invoke:Other people|otherPeople}} Template:Use Indian English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox royalty Template:Mewari Rana Pratap Singh I (9 May 1540 – 19 January 1597), popularly known as Maharana Pratap ({{#invoke:IPA|main}}), was king of the Kingdom of Mewar, in north-western India in the present-day state of Rajasthan, from 1572 until his death in 1597. He is notable for leading the Rajput resistance against the expansionist policy of the Mughal Emperor Akbar including the battle of Haldighati and the battle of Dewair.
Early life and accessionEdit
Maharana Pratap was born to Udai Singh II of Mewar and Jaiwanta Bai in 1540, the year in which Udai Singh ascended to the throne after defeating Vanvir Singh.Template:Sfn<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His younger brothers were Shakti Singh, Vikram Singh and Jagmal Singh. Pratap also had two stepsisters: Chand Kanwar and Man Kanwar. His chief consort was Ajabde Bai Punwar of Bijolia.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Their eldest son was Amar Singh I.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He belonged to the royal family of Mewar.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After the death of Udai Singh in 1572, Rani Dheer Bai Bhatiyani wanted her son Jagmal to succeed him<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but senior courtiers preferred Pratap, as the eldest son, to be their king. The desire of the nobles prevailed and Pratap ascended the throne as Maharana Pratap, the 54th ruler of Mewar in the line of the Sisodia Rajputs.Template:Sfnm He was crowned in Gogunda on the auspicious day of Holi. Jagmal swore revenge and left for Ajmer, to join the armies of Emperor Akbar who later gave him a portion of Sirohi.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Initial conflict with the MughalsEdit
BackgroundEdit
In his campaign to extend his empire, Akbar presented Rana Pratap with the rank of Panj Hazari (commander of an army of 5,000). Rana Pratap refused, demanding instead the rank of Dah Hazari (commander of an army of 10,000).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>The conflicts between Pratap Singh and Akbar led to the Battle of Haldighati.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Battle of HaldighatiEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} The Siege of Chittorgarh in 1567-1568 had led to the loss of the fertile eastern belt of Mewar to the Mughals. However, the rest of the wooded and hilly kingdom in the Aravalli range was still under the control of Maharana Pratap. Mughal Emperor Akbar was intent on securing a stable route to Gujarat through Mewar; when Pratap Singh was crowned king (Maharana) in 1572, Akbar sent a number of envoys, including one by Raja Man Singh I of Amer, entreating him to become a vassal like many other rulers in Rajputana. When Pratap refused to personally submit to Akbar and several attempts to diplomatically settle the issue failed, war became inevitable.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn
The forces of Pratap Singh and Mughal and Rajput general Man Singh met on 18 June 1576 beyond a narrow mountain pass at Haldighati near Gogunda, modern day Rajsamand in Rajasthan. This came to be known as the battle of Haldighati. Pratap Singh fielded a force of around 3000 cavalry and 400 Bhil archers. Man Singh commanded an army numbering around 10,000 men.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref name="sarsa" /> After a fierce battle lasting more than three hours, Pratap found himself wounded and the day lost. He managed to retreat to the hills and lived to fight another day.Template:Sfn The Mughals were victorious and inflicted significant casualties among the forces of Mewar but failed to capture Maharana Pratap.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref name="sarsa">Template:Cite book</ref>
Rana Pratap was able to escape due to selfless devotion of chief of Jhala who drew upon himself the attack of armies by declaring himself to be Rana.<ref> An Advanced History of India by RC Majumdar </ref>
Haldighati was a futile victory for the Mughals, as they were unable to kill or capture Pratap, or any of his close family members in Udaipur.Template:Sfn While the sources also claim that Pratap was able to make a successful escape, Man Singh managed to conquer Gogunda within a week after Haldighati then ended his campaign. Subsequently, Akbar himself led a sustained campaign against the Rana in September 1576, and soon, Gogunda, Udaipur, and Kumbhalgarh were all under Mughal control.Template:Sfn
Post-Haldighati Mughal invasionsEdit
Shahbaz Khan Kamboh led multiple invasions that resulted in the subjugation of key areas in Mewar, such as Kumbhalgarh, Mandalgarh, Gogunda, and Central Mewar, bringing them permanently under Mughal rule. The Mughal Empire established its supremacy in Mewar after Shahbaz Khan's invasions. This ultimately led to a significant weakening of Pratap's power, forcing him to seek shelter in his hilly abode.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Patronage of artEdit
Maharana Pratap's court at Chavand had given shelter to many poets, artists, writers and artisans. The Chavand school of art was developed during the reign of Rana Pratap. He also had renowned artists like Nasiruddin in his court.<ref name=MP>Template:Cite book</ref>
Reconquest of MewarEdit
{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Mughal pressure on Mewar relaxed after 1579 following rebellions in Bengal and Bihar and Mirza Hakim's incursion into the Punjab. After this Akbar sent Jagannath Kachhwaha to invade Mewar in 1584. This time too Mewar army defeated Mughals and forced them to retreat. In 1585, Akbar moved to Lahore and remained there for the next twelve years watching the situation in the north-west. No major Mughal expedition was sent to Mewar during this period.Template:Sfn Taking advantage of the situation, Pratap recovered some of Mughal occupied areas of Mewar and captured thirty-six Mughal outposts. Udaipur, Mohi, Gogunda, Mandal and Pandwara were some of the important areas that were recaptured from this conflict. According to the 1588 inscription near Jahazpur, the Rana gave the lands of Pander to a trusted follower called Sadulnath Trivedi. G.N. Sharma claims that the Pander inscription is proof that the Rana had occupied north-eastern Mewar and was granting lands to those who had been loyal to him.Template:Sfn<ref name=GN>Template:Cite book</ref> From 1585 till his death, the Rana had recovered a large part of Mewar. The citizens who had migrated out of Mewar started returning during this time. There was good monsoon which helped to revive the agriculture of Mewar. The economy also started getting better and trade in the area started increasing. The Rana was able to capture the territories around Chittor but could not fulfill his dream of capturing Chittor itself.<ref name=CP>Template:Cite book</ref>
DeathEdit
Reportedly, Pratap died of injuries sustained in a hunting accident,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> at ChavandTemplate:Sfn on 19 January 1597, aged 56.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was succeeded by his eldest son, Amar Singh I. On his death bed, Pratap told his son never to submit to the Mughals and to win Chittor back.Template:Sfnm
It is said that even Akbar was shocked to hear the news of Maharana Pratap's death. Dursa Arha, the court poet of Akbar, is said to have eulogised Maharana Pratap in the Mughal court.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
LegacyEdit
Maharana Pratap is a prominent figure in both folk and contemporary Rajasthani culture and is viewed as a folk hero and celebrated warrior in that state, as well as in India as a whole.Template:Sfn
Historian Satish Chandra notes –
<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
"Rana Pratap's defiance of the mighty Mughal empire, almost alone and unaided by the other Rajput states, constitute a glorious saga of Rajput valour and the spirit of self sacrifice for cherished principles. Rana Pratap's methods of guerrilla warfare was later elaborated further by Malik Ambar, the Deccani general, and by Shivaji".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries}}
{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}
Bandyopadhyay also seconds Satish Chandra's view with the observation that
<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />
Pratap's successful defiance of Mughals using guerrilla strategy also proved inspirational to figures ranging from Shivaji to anti-British revolutionaries in Bengal.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>{{#if:|{{#if:|}}
— {{#if:|, in }}Template:Comma separated entries}}
{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Blockquote with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | author | by | char | character | cite | class | content | multiline | personquoted | publication | quote | quotesource | quotetext | sign | source | style | text | title | ts }}
In 2007, a statue of Maharana Pratap was unveiled by former President Pratibha Patil in the Parliament of India.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In popular cultureEdit
Film and televisionEdit
- 1988–1989: Bharat Ek Khoj, broadcast on Doordarshan, where he was played by Puneet Issar
- 2012: Maharana Pratap: The First Freedom Fighter
- 2013–2015: Jodha Akbar, broadcast on Zee TV, where he was played by Anurag Sharma
- 2013–2015: Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap, broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television (India), where he was portrayed by Faisal Khan and Sharad Malhotra
- 2016: ABP News presented Bharatvarsha, in which episode 8 showcased the story of Maharana Pratap.
- 2023: Deepraj Rana as Maharana Pratap in Webseries Taj: Divided by Blood on Zee5
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
SourcesEdit
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Citation
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
External linksEdit
Template:S-start Template:S-hou Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-end Template:Udaipur Template:Mughal Empire Template:Authority control