Red Bull
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox beverage Red Bull is a brand of energy drinks created and owned by the Austrian company Red Bull GmbH. With a market share of 43%, it is the most popular energy drink brand as of 2020,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the third most valuable soft drink brand, behind Coca-Cola and Pepsi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Since its launch in 1987, more than 100 billion cans of Red Bull have been sold worldwide,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> including over 12.6 billion in 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Originally available only in a single nondescript flavour sold in a tall and slim silver and blue can, called Red Bull Energy Drink, the drink added numerous variants over time. Its slogan, "Red Bull Gives You Wings",<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is considered one of the most popular and memorable advertising slogans in the world.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Rather than following a traditional marketing approach, Red Bull has generated awareness and created a "brand myth"<ref>Template:Cite journal{{#if:2045-855X|Template:Catalog lookup link{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}{{#if:Template:Trim|{{#ifeq:Template:Yesno-no|yes|Template:Main other|{{#invoke:check isxn|check_issn|Template:Trim|error=Template:Error-smallTemplate:Main other}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}|Template:Error-small}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> through proprietary extreme sport event series such as Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series, Red Bull Air Race, Red Bull Crashed Ice and standout stunts such as the Stratos space diving project.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In addition to sport series, its marketing includes multiple sports team ownerships; celebrity endorsements; and music, through its Red Bull Records label.<ref name="Pump the Music">Template:Cite news101013 NYPost.com</ref>
Red Bull was derived from a similar drink called Krating Daeng which originated in Thailand and was introduced by the pharmacist Chaleo Yoovidhya.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> While doing business in Thailand, Austrian entrepreneur Dietrich Mateschitz purchased a can of Krating Daeng and claimed it cured his jet lag. Mateschitz sought to create a partnership with Yoovidhya and formulated a product that would suit the tastes of Westerners, such as by carbonating the drink.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1984, the two founded Red Bull GmbH in Fuschl am See, Salzburg, Austria.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> When branding their new product, Mateschitz referenced Krating Daeng's name: in Thai, daeng means red, and a krating (known in English as a gaur) is a large species of wild bovine native to the Indian subcontinent. Red Bull and Krating Daeng use the same red bull on yellow sun logo while continuing to market their drinks separately in the Thai and Western markets.
HistoryEdit
In 1976, Chaleo Yoovidhya introduced a drink called Krating Daeng in Thailand,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which means "red gaur" in English. It was popular among Thai truck drivers and labourers. While working for German manufacturer Blendax (later acquired by Procter & Gamble) in 1982, Dietrich Mateschitz travelled to Thailand and met Chaleo, owner of T.C. Pharmaceutical. During his visit, Mateschitz discovered that Krating Daeng helped cure his jet lag.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1984, Mateschitz co-founded Red Bull GmbH with Yoovidhya and turned it into an international brand. Each partner invested US$500,000 of savings to fund the company. Yoovidhya and Mateschitz each held a 49 percent share of the new company. They gave the remaining two percent to Yoovidhya's son, Chalerm, but it was agreed that Mateschitz would run the company.<ref name="forbes.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The product was first launched in Austria on 1 April 1987.<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In Thailand, energy drinks are most popular with blue-collar workers. Red Bull re-positioned the drink as a trendy, upscale drink, first introducing it at Austrian ski resorts.<ref name="BP-20151228" /> Pricing was a key differentiator, with Red Bull positioned as a premium drink<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Krating Daeng as a lower cost item.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In many countries, both drinks are available, dominating both ends of the price spectrum.<ref name=BP-20151228 /> The flavouring used for Red Bull is still produced in Bangkok and exported worldwide.<ref name="BP-20151228" />
During the 1990s, the product expanded into Hungary, Slovenia, Germany, the Czech Republic, Croatia, the United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States.<ref name="funding universe history">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> It entered Germany and the UK in 1994, the United States (via California) in 1996,<ref name=":6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the Middle East in 2000 and the Philippines in 2012.<ref name="funding universe history"/> In 2008, Forbes magazine listed both Chaleo and Mateschitz as the 250th richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of US$4 billion.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Red Bull GmbH is headquartered in Fuschl am See, an Austrian village of about 1,500 inhabitants near Salzburg. The company is 51 percent controlled by the Yoovidhya family who, for technical reasons, own the trademark in Europe and the US.<ref name=BP-20151228>Template:Cite news</ref>
Claims about the drink's effects and performance have been challenged on various occasions, with the UK's Advertising Standards Authority imposing advertising restrictions in 2001 in response to complaints recorded as early as 1997.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
IngredientsEdit
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Depending on the country, Red Bull contains different amounts of caffeine, taurine, B vitamins (B2, B3, B5, B6, and B12), glucuronolactone<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> and simple sugars (sucrose and glucose) in a buffer solution of carbonated water, sodium bicarbonate and magnesium carbonate (substituted in some flavours with a trisodium citrate/citric acid buffer, each solution providing electrolytes).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> To produce Red Bull Sugarfree, sucrose and glucose have been replaced by artificial sweeteners acesulfame K and aspartame or sucralose.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Caffeine contentEdit
The caffeine content of a single 250 ml can of Red Bull is approximately 40–80 mgTemplate:\250 ml (15–32 mgTemplate:\100 ml).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="can photo"/> The caffeine level in Red Bull varies depending on the country, as some countries have legal restrictions on how much caffeine is allowed in drinks. As is the case with other caffeinated beverages, Red Bull drinkers may experience adverse effects as a result of overuse. Excessive consumption may induce mild to moderate euphoria primarily caused by stimulant properties of caffeine and may also induce agitation, anxiety, irritability and insomnia.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Template:Cite journal</ref>
VariantsEdit
Over the years, Red Bull has offered many variations of its drink, all based on the same formula but differing in taste and colour.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Red Bull began offering variations on its drinks in 2003 with a sugar-free version of the drink with a different flavour from the original, called Red Bull Sugarfree.<ref name="Bev1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2012, Red Bull released Red Bull Total Zero, a variant with zero calories.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2018, the company released Red Bull Zero, a different sugar-free formulation designed to taste more like the original flavour.<ref name="Grocer1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2009, Red Bull unveiled a highly concentrated variant of its drink called Red Bull Energy Shot,<ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> supplied in 2 oz (60 ml) cans.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The company began expanding its flavour offerings in 2013 with the launch of Red Bull Editions. Initially available in cranberry, lime, and blueberry,<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the Editions line has expanded to include a variety of flavours, including some available only during specific seasons or in certain regions.<ref name="CSNews1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Wales1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Currently, a blue (blueberry), peach (peach-nectarine), winter (iced vanilla berry), sea blue (juneberry) and red (watermelon) are offered.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Other productsEdit
Red Bull released a cola drink, called Simply Cola, in 2008. A new version of the cola was released in 2019, as part of Red Bull's Organics line.
In 2018, the company launched Organics by Red Bull, a line of organic sodas with four flavours; bitter lemon, ginger ale, tonic water, and a new version of Red Bull Simply Cola.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Regulatory approval and legal statusEdit
Authorities in France, Denmark, and Norway initially did not permit the sale of Red Bull.<ref name="2004CourtRuling">Template:Cite news</ref> However, Template:As of, it is on sale in all 27 member states of the European Union and in 171 countries around the world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The French food safety agency was concerned about taurine; a Red Bull drink that did not contain taurine was introduced. The French refusal of market approval was challenged by the European Commission, and partially upheld by the European Court of Justice in 2004.<ref name="2004CourtRuling" /> The French food safety agency relented in 2008, because it was unable to prove a definite health risk, taurine-related or not.<ref name="FranceBanEnd">Template:Cite news</ref>
LitigationEdit
In 2013, Red Bull told the Redwell Brewery, a Norfolk micro brewery, to change its name or face legal action, because it sounded too similar to Red Bull. The eight-man brewery in Norwich was told its name could "confuse" customers and "tarnish" its trademark.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The two companies reached a settlement permitting Redwell to continue using its name.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2014, Red Bull entered into a US$13 million settlement to resolve two consumer class action lawsuits in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Named as plaintiffs were Benjamin Careathers, David Wolf, and Miguel Almarez,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> who had sued the company claiming breach of express warranty and unjust enrichment, saying that Red Bull falsely asserted performance-enhancing benefits from the drink's ingredients that were unsubstantiated by scientific studies.<ref name=bevnet>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On 1 May 2015, the Court approved the settlement, giving customers who had submitted claims the opportunity to receive a US$10 cash reimbursement or US$15 in Red Bull products<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> within 150 days of affirmance on any appeal.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Contrary to reports from some news outlets, the plaintiffs had not alleged that the drink did not give consumers actual wings.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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