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Pinus resinosa, known as red pine<ref name="Field guide">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> (also Norway pine in Minnesota),<ref name="Hoyt">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is a pine native to Eastern North America.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite book</ref>
DescriptionEdit
Red pine is a coniferous evergreen tree characterized by tall, straight growth.<ref name="fna">Template:EFloras</ref> It usually ranges from Template:Convert in height and Template:Convert in trunk diameter, exceptionally reaching Template:Convert tall.<ref name="Gymnosperm Database">Template:Gymnosperm Database</ref> The crown is conical, becoming a narrow rounded dome with age. The bark is thick and gray-brown at the base of the tree, but thin, flaky and bright orange-red in the upper crown; the tree's name derives from this distinctive character. Some red color may be seen in the fissures of the bark. The species is self pruning; there tend not to be dead branches on the trees, and older trees may have very long lengths of branchless trunk below the canopy.<ref name=":0" />
The leaves are needle-like, dark yellow-green, in fascicles of two,<ref name="fna" /> Template:Convert long, and brittle. The leaves snap cleanly when bent; this character, stated as diagnostic for red pine in some texts, is however shared by several other pine species. The cones are symmetrical ovoid, Template:Convert long by Template:Convert broad, and purple before maturity, ripening to nut-blue and opening to Template:Convert broad, the scales without a prickle and almost stalkless.<ref name="Field guide" />
The pine grows well in sandy soils and on soils which are too poor for white pine.<ref name=":0" />
PhylogenyEdit
Red pine is notable for its very constant morphology and low genetic variation throughout its range, suggesting it has been through a near extinction in its recent evolutionary history.<ref name=journal1>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=journal2>Template:Cite journal</ref> A genetic study of nuclear microsatellite polymorphisms among populations distributed throughout its natural range found that red pine populations from Newfoundland are genetically distinct from most mainland populations, consistent with dispersal from different glacial refugia in this highly self-pollinating species.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
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An old tree in Itasca State Park, Minnesota
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Pollen cones in spring
- Jack Pine needles and Red Pine cones 2016-06-02 074.jpg
Cone (scale in cm)
- Red pine in the autumn.jpg
Red pine boughs, showing yellowing and abscission of older foliage in the autumn.
Distribution and habitatEdit
It occurs from Newfoundland west to Manitoba, and south to Pennsylvania, with several smaller, disjunct populations occurring in the Appalachian Mountains in Virginia and West Virginia, as well as a few small pockets in extreme northern New Jersey and northern Illinois.<ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021" /><ref>Template:Illinois Wildflowers</ref>
It can be found in a variety of habitats.<ref name=":0" />
EcologyEdit
It is intolerant of shade, but does well in windy sites; it grows best in well-drained soil. It is a long-lived tree, reaching a maximum age of about 500 years.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
UsesEdit
The wood is commercially valuable in forestry for timber and paper pulp, and the tree is also used for landscaping.<ref name=":0" />
The wood is light, hard, and very close grained. It is not durable in contact with soil without chemical treatment. It is used in construction for piling, masts, spars, boxes, and crates.<ref name=":0" />
In cultureEdit
The red pine is Minnesota's state tree.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In Minnesota the use of the name "Norway"<ref name="Hoyt" /> may stem from early Scandinavian immigrants who likened the American red pines to the Scots pines back home.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
- Interactive Distribution Map of Red Pine at plantmaps.com