Reductio ad Hitlerum
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{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Latin for "reduction to Hitler"), also known as playing the Nazi card,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> is an attempt to invalidate someone else's argument on the basis that the same idea was promoted or practised by Adolf Hitler or the Nazi Party.<ref name="University of Oklahoma"/> Arguments can be termed {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} if they are fallacious (e.g., arguing that because Hitler abstained from eating meat or was against smoking, anyone else who does so is a Nazi). Contrarily, straightforward arguments critiquing specifically fascist components of Nazism like Führerprinzip are not part of the association fallacy.
Formulated by Leo Strauss in 1953, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} takes its name from the term used in logic called {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ("reduction to the absurdity").<ref>Leo Strauss, Natural Right and History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965 [1953], p. 42.</ref> According to Strauss, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is a type of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, or a fallacy of irrelevance. The suggested rationale is one of guilt by association. It is a tactic often used to derail arguments because such comparisons tend to distract and anger the opponent.<ref name="FallacyFiles1">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
DefinitionEdit
{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is a type of association fallacy.<ref name="FallacyFiles1" /><ref name="FallacyFiles2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Template:BSN The argument is that a policy leads to—or is the same as—one advocated or implemented by Adolf Hitler or Nazi Germany and so "proves" that the original policy is undesirable. Another type of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is asking a question of the form "You know who else...?" with the deliberate intent of impugning a certain idea or action by implying Hitler had that idea or performed such an action.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A comparison to Hitler or Nazism is not a {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} if it illuminates an argument instead of causing distraction from it.<ref>Template:Aut, Reduction ad Hitlerum: Trumping the Judicial Nazi Card. Michigan State Law Review, Vol. 2009, pp. 541–578, 2009</ref> Straightforward comparisons can be used to criticize fascist components of Nazism such as the Führerprinzip. However, one could argue fallaciously that because Hitler abstained from eating meat or was opposed to smoking, anyone else who has these opinions so is a Nazi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
HistoryEdit
The phrase {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is first known to have been used in an article written by University of Chicago professor Leo Strauss for Measure: A Critical Journal in spring 1951,<ref name="Hutchins1951">Template:Cite book</ref> although it was made famous in a book by Strauss published in 1953<ref name="University of Oklahoma">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Natural Right and History, Chapter II:
In following this movement towards its end we shall inevitably reach a point beyond which the scene is darkened by the shadow of Hitler. Unfortunately, it does not go without saying that in our examination we must avoid the fallacy that in the last decades has frequently been used as a substitute for the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}: the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. A view is not refuted by the fact that it happens to have been shared by Hitler.
The phrase was derived from the logical argument termed Reductio ad absurdum. The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} variant takes its form from the names of many classic fallacies such as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. The {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} variant may be further humorously derived from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.
Limits to classification as a fallacyEdit
Historian Daniel Goldhagen, who had written about the Holocaust, argues that not all comparisons to Hitler and Nazism are logical fallacies since if they all were, there would be nothing to learn from the events that resulted in the Holocaust. He argues in his book Hitler's Willing Executioners that many people who were complicit or active participants in the Holocaust and subsequently in fascist and neo-Nazi movements have manipulated the historical narrative to escape blame or to deny aspects of the Holocaust.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>"Eichmann was Outrageously Stupid". Hannah Arendt: The Last Interview: And Other Conversations. November 9, 1964.</ref>Template:Better source needed Claims that allegations of antisemitism are reductio ad Hitlerum have also been employed by David Irving, a British Holocaust denier.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2000, Thomas Fleming claimed that reductio ad Hitlerum was being used by his opponents against his values:
Leo Strauss called it the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. If Hitler liked neoclassical art, that means that classicism in every form is Nazi; if Hitler wanted to strengthen the German family, that makes the traditional family (and its defenders) Nazi; if Hitler spoke of the "nation" or the "folk", then any invocation of nationality, ethnicity, or even folkishness is Nazi ...<ref>Thomas Fleming, editor, Chronicles (Rockford, Illinois), May 2000, p. 11.</ref>
AntecedentsEdit
Although named for Hitler, the logical fallacy existed before World War II. Other individuals from history were used as stand-ins for evil.<ref name="palmer">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Author Tom Holland compares the use of Hitler as the standard of evil with earlier invocations of the Devil (such as the phrase 'Deal with the Devil').<ref>Template:Citation</ref> During the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, the Pharaoh of the Book of Exodus was commonly considered the most villainous person in history.<ref name=palmer/> During the years prior to the American Civil War, abolitionists referred to enslavers as modern-day Pharaohs. After VE Day, Pharaoh continued to appear in the speeches of social reformers like Martin Luther King Jr. Judas Iscariot and Pontius Pilate were also commonly held up as pure evil. However, there was no universal Hitler-like person, and different regions and times used different stand-ins.<ref name="palmer" /> In the years after the American Revolution, King George III was often vilified in the United States. "King George" comparison was publicly used as recently as 1992 by Pat Buchanan when referring to president George H. W. Bush, in the course of the U.S. presidential campaign.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> During the American Civil War, some Confederates called Lincoln a "modern Pharaoh".<ref name=palmer/>
InvocationsEdit
In 1991, Michael André Bernstein alleged {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} over a full-page advertisement placed in The New York Times by the Lubavitch community after the Crown Heights riot under the heading "This Year Kristallnacht Took Place on August 19th Right Here in Crown Heights". Henry Schwarzschild, who had witnessed Kristallnacht, wrote to The New York Times that "however ugly were the anti-Semitic slogans and the assaultive behavior of people in the streets [during the Crown Heights riots] ... one thing that clearly did not take place was a Kristallnacht".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Since Hitler was against smoking, some in the tobacco industry invoked the argument to compare those who are against smoking to Nazis.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
See alsoEdit
- Donald Trump and fascism
- Godwin's law
- List of fallacies
- Red-baiting (reductio ad Stalinum)
- Weaponization of antisemitism