Regulus

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Regulus is the brightest object in the constellation Leo and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It has the Bayer designation designated α Leonis, which is Latinized to Alpha Leonis, and abbreviated Alpha Leo or α Leo. Regulus appears singular, but is actually a quadruple star system composed of four stars that are organized into two pairs. The spectroscopic binary Regulus A consists of a blue-white main-sequence star and its companion, a pre-white dwarf. The system lies approximately 79 light years from the Solar System.

HD 87884 is separated from Regulus by Template:Val and is itself a close pair. Regulus, along with five slightly dimmer stars (Zeta Leonis, Mu Leonis, Gamma Leonis, Epsilon Leonis, and Eta Leonis) have collectively been called 'the Sickle', which is an asterism that marks the head of Leo.

NomenclatureEdit

α Leonis (Latinized to Alpha Leonis) is the star system's Bayer designation. The traditional name Rēgulus is Latin for 'prince' or 'little king'. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)<ref name="WGSN"/> to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016<ref name="WGSN1"/> included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included Regulus for this star. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.<ref name="IAU-CSN"/>

ObservationEdit

File:Regulus 1.JPG

Regulus through Celestron CGEM DX 1100 @ F6.3, Canon T3i, Televue 4X Powermate, ISO 800, 30 sec exposure

The Regulus system as a whole is the twenty-first brightest star in the night sky with an apparent magnitude of +1.35. The light output is dominated by Regulus A. Regulus B, if seen in isolation, would be a binocular object of magnitude +8.1, and its companion, Regulus C, the faintest of the three stars that has been directly observed, would require a substantial telescope to be seen, at magnitude +13.5. Regulus A is itself a spectroscopic binary; the secondary star has not yet been directly observed as it is much fainter than the primary. The BC pair lies at an angular distance of 177 arc-seconds from Regulus A, making them visible in amateur telescopes.<ref name="pugh"/>

File:MVI 3269-Regulus-1.png

Regulus as viewed through a 110mm refractor in full daylight.

Regulus is 0.465 degrees from the ecliptic,<ref name=pratt/> the closest of the bright stars, and is often occulted by the Moon. This occurs in spates every 9.3 years, due to lunar precession. The last spate was around 2017, with occultations every month from December 2016 till July 2017, each one limited to certain areas on Earth.<ref>See 2016 Bright Star Occultations and 2017 Bright Star Occultations.</ref> Occultations by Mercury and Venus are possible but rare, as are occultations by asteroids. Seven other stars which have a Bayer designation are less than 0.9° from the ecliptic (perfected, mean plane of Earth's orbit and mean apparent path of the Sun) the next brightest of which is δ (Delta) Geminorum, of magnitude +3.53.

The last occultation of Regulus by a planet was on July 7, 1959, by Venus.<ref name="planets" /> The next will occur on October 1, 2044, also by Venus. Other planets will not occult Regulus over the next few millennia because of their node positions. An occultation of Regulus by the asteroid 166 Rhodope was filmed in Italy on October 19, 2005. Differential bending of light was measured to be consistent with general relativity.<ref name="rhodope"/> Regulus was occulted by the asteroid 163 Erigone in the early morning of March 20, 2014.<ref name=sigismondi/> The center of the shadow path passed through New York and eastern Ontario, but no one is known to have seen it, due to cloud cover. The International Occultation Timing Association recorded no observations at all.<ref name=iota/>

Although best seen in the evening in the northern hemisphere's late winter and spring, Regulus appears at some time of night throughout the year except for about a month (depending on ability to compensate for the sun's glare, ideally done so in twilight) on either side of August 22–24, when the Sun is too close.<ref name=skymap/> The star can be viewed the whole night, crossing the sky, in late February. Regulus passes through SOHO's LASCO C3 every August.<ref name="SOHO" />

For Earth observers, the heliacal rising (pre-sunrise appearance) of Regulus occurs late in the first week of September, or in the second week. Every 8 years, Venus passes very near the star system around or a few days before the heliacal rising, as on 5 September 2022 (the superior conjunction of Venus happens about two days earlier with each turn of its 8-year cycle, so as this cycle continues Venus will more definitely pass Regulus before the star's heliacal rising).Template:Cn

Stellar systemEdit

File:LeoCC.jpg

Regulus is the brightest star in the constellation of Leo (right tip, below is bright Jupiter in 2004).

Regulus is a multiple star system consisting of at least four stars and a substellar object. Regulus A is the dominant star, with a binary companion 177" distant that is thought to be physically related. Regulus D is a 12th magnitude companion at 212",<ref name="wds" /> but is an unrelated background object.<ref name="dr2" />

Regulus A is a binary star consisting of a blue-white subgiant star of spectral type B8, which is orbited by a star of at least 0.3 solar masses, which is probably a white dwarf. The two stars take approximately 40 days to complete an orbit around their common centre of mass. Given the extremely distorted shape of the primary, the relative orbital motion may be notably altered with respect to the two-body purely Keplerian scenario because of non-negligible long-term orbital perturbations affecting, for example, its orbital period. In other words, Kepler's third law, which holds exactly only for two point-like masses, would no longer be valid for the Regulus system. Regulus A was long thought to be fairly young, only 50–100 million years old, calculated by comparing its temperature, luminosity, and mass. The existence of a white dwarf companion would mean that the system is at least 1 billion years old, just to account for the formation of the white dwarf. The discrepancy can be accounted for by a history of mass transfer onto a once-smaller Regulus A.<ref name="rappaport2009" />

The primary of Regulus A has about 4.15 times the Sun's mass.<ref name=che/> It is spinning extremely rapidly, with a rotation period of only 15.9 hours (for comparison, the rotation period of the Sun is 25 days<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>), which causes it to have a highly oblate shape.<ref name="apj628"/> This results in so-called gravity darkening: the photosphere at Regulus' poles is considerably hotter, and five times brighter per unit surface area, than its equatorial region.<ref name="rappaport2009" /> The star's surface at the equator rotates at about 320 kilometres per second (199 miles per second), or 96.5% of its critical angular velocity for break-up. It is emitting polarized light because of this.<ref name="Cotton2017"/>

Regulus BC is 5,000 AU<ref name=lindroos/> from Regulus A. A and BC share a common proper motion and are thought to orbit each other<ref name="tokovinin" /> taking several million years. Designated Regulus B and Regulus C, the pair has Henry Draper Catalogue number HD 87884. The first is a K2V star, while the second is about M4V.<ref name="apj628" /> The companion pair has an orbital period of about 600 years<ref name="tokovinin" /> with a separation of 2.5" in 1942.<ref name="apj628" />

A far more distant brown dwarf named SDSS J1007+1930 (full name: SDSS J100711.74+193056.2) may be bound to the Regulus system, since it shares a similar proper motion and radial velocity and has a similar metal abundance to Regulus B, which hints for a physical connection between both systems. The estimated distance from Regulus is Template:Val (Template:Val), and the orbital period assuming an circular orbit would be around 200 million years, comparable to the Sun's orbital period around the Milky Way (galactic year). It is estimated to have a mass of roughly Template:Jupiter mass (Template:Solar mass),Template:Efn an effective temperature of Template:Val and a spectral type L9 or T0, making it a L dwarf or T dwarf. In the future it will either be stripped away by stellar encounters because it is so weakly bound to the system, or it was once closer and got ejected by dynamical interactions. The extreme distance makes it uncertain to conclude whether it is gravitationally bound to Regulus.<ref name="Mamajek+Burgasser2024"/>

File:Regulus in true color.jpg

Approximate true-color reconstruction of Regulus based on interferometric imaging.<ref name="che" />

Regulus system
			Separation (arcsec)	Projected separation (AU)	Orbital period	Spectral type	Mass (M_☉)	App. mag. (V)
Regulus ABC	Regulus A<ref group="orbit note" name="orbit">Regulus A and B are separated by 180 arcseconds, resulting in a projected separation of 4400 AU/0.07 light years. The combined binary system may have an approximate orbital period of 130,000 years.</ref>	Regulus Aa	0.015	0.356	40.1 days	align=center style="background: Template:Star-color; \| B8 IVn	3.44	1.4 (combined)
		Regulus Ab	0.015	0.356	40.1 days	align=center style="background: Template:Star-color; \| pre-WD	0.31	1.4 (combined)
	Regulus BC<ref group="orbit note" name="orbit"/>	Regulus B	2.1	60	600 years	align=center style="background: Template:Star-color; \| K2V	0.78	8.1
	Regulus BC<ref group="orbit note" name="orbit"/>	Regulus C	2.1	60	600 years	align=center style="background: Template:Star-color; \| M4V	0.32	13.5
SDSS J1007+1930			27,200	800,000	200 million years	align=center style="background: Template:Star-color; \| L9	0.06	26

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Etymology and cultural associationsEdit

Rēgulus is Latin for 'prince' or 'little king';<ref name=lands/> its Greek equivalent is Basiliskos or, in Latinised form, Basiliscus.<ref name=Geminus/><ref name=lsj/><ref name=ridpath/> The name Regulus first appeared in the early 16th century.<ref name=ridpath/> It is also known as Qalb al-Asad, from the Arabic قلب الأسد, meaning 'the heart of the lion', a name already attested in the Greek Kardia Leontos<ref name=Geminus/><ref name=lsj2/> whose Latin equivalent is Cor Leōnis. The Arabic phrase is sometimes approximated as Kabelaced.<ref name=pultar/> In Chinese it is known as 軒轅十四, the Fourteenth Star of Xuanyuan, the Yellow Emperor. In Indian astronomy, Regulus corresponds to the Nakshatra Magha ("the bountiful").

Babylonians called it Sharru ("the King"), and it marked the 15th ecliptic constellation. In India it was known as Maghā ("the Mighty"), in Sogdiana Magh ("the Great"), in Persia Miyan ("the Centre") and also as one of the four 'royal stars' of the Persian monarchy.<ref name=allen/> It was one of the fifteen Behenian stars known to medieval astrologers, associated with granite, mugwort, and the kabbalistic symbol File:Agrippa1531 corLeonis.png.