Richard Linklater

Richard Linklater (Template:IPAc-en; born July 30, 1960) is an American filmmaker. He is known for making films that deal thematically with suburban culture and the effects of the passage of time. In 2015, Linklater was included on the annual Time 100 list of the most influential people in the world.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

His films include the comedies Slacker (1990) and Dazed and Confused (1993); the romance films Before trilogy (1995–2013); the music-themed comedy School of Rock (2003); the adult animated films Waking Life (2001), A Scanner Darkly (2006), and Apollo 10½: A Space Age Childhood (2022); the coming-of-age drama Boyhood (2014); the comedy film Everybody Wants Some!! (2016); the action romantic comedy Hit Man (2023); the biographical film Blue Moon (2025); and the comedy-drama Nouvelle Vague (2025).

Many of Linklater's films are noted for their loosely structured narratives. The Before trilogy and Boyhood both feature the same actors filmed over an extended period of years. He has received five Academy Award nominations and won the Silver Bear for Best Director for Before Sunrise. He also won a Golden Globe Award for directing Boyhood.

Early life

Linklater was born in Houston, Texas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He attended Huntsville High School in Huntsville, Texas, during grades 9–11, where he played football for Joe Clements as a backup quarterback for the #1 ranked team in the state. For his senior year, he moved to Bellaire High School in Bellaire, Texas, because he was better at baseball than football and Bellaire had a better baseball coach. As a teen he won a Scholastic Art and Writing Award.<ref>Scholastic Inc., Newsroom, America's Most Creative Teens Named as National 2016 Scholastic Art & Writing Awards Recipients</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Linklater studied at Sam Houston State University (where he also played baseball),<ref>Sam Houston State University Facebook. "Throwing back to the 1980 #SHSU Baseball team in which writer, director and producer Richard Linklater was a member of. #TBT". 6 April 2016.</ref> until dropping out to work on an offshore oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico.

He frequently read novels on the rig, and upon returning to land, developed a love of film through repeated visits to a repertory cinema in Houston. At this point, Linklater realized he wanted to be a filmmaker. He used his savings to buy a Super-8 camera, a projector, and editing equipment, and moved to Austin, Texas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Career

1985–1999: Early directing

Linklater founded the Austin Film Society in 1985 with his college professor Chale Nafus, University of Texas professor Charles Ramirez-Berg, SXSW founder Louis Black, and his frequent collaborator Lee Daniel. One of the mentors for the Film Society was former New York City critic for the SoHo Weekly News George Morris, who had relocated to Austin and taught film there. For several years, Linklater made many short films that were exercises and experiments in film techniques. He finally completed his first feature, It's Impossible to Learn to Plow by Reading Books (which is available in The Criterion Collection edition of his second feature, Slacker), a Super-8 feature that took a year to shoot and another year to edit. Linklater created Detour Filmproduction (an homage to the 1945 low budget film noir by Edgar G. Ulmer), and subsequently made Slacker for only $23,000. It went on to gross more than $1.25 million. The film shows an aimless day in the life of the city of Austin, Texas showcasing its more eccentric characters.

While gaining a cult following in the independent film world, he made his third film, Dazed and Confused, based on his years at Huntsville High School and the people he encountered there. The film garnered critical praise and grossed $8 million in the United States while becoming a hit on VHS. This film was also responsible for the breakout of fellow Texas native Matthew McConaughey. In 1995, Linklater won the Silver Bear for Best Director for the film Before Sunrise at the 45th Berlin International Film Festival.<ref name="Berlinale">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> His next feature, subUrbia, had mixed reviews critically, and did very poorly at the box office. In 1998, he took on his first Hollywood feature, The Newton Boys, which received mixed reviews while tanking at the box office.

2000–2013: Wider recognition

With the rotoscope films Waking Life and A Scanner Darkly, and his mainstream comedies, School of Rock and the remake of Bad News Bears, he gained wider recognition. In 2003, he wrote and directed a pilot for HBO with Rodney Rothman called $5.15/hr, about several minimum wage restaurant workers. The pilot deals with themes later examined in Fast Food Nation. The British television network Channel 4 produced a documentary about Linklater, in which the filmmaker discussed the personal and philosophical ideas behind his films. St Richard of Austin was presented by Ben Lewis and directed by Irshad Ashraf and broadcast on Channel 4 in December 2004 in the UK.

Linklater was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for his film Before Sunset.

Waking Life and A Scanner Darkly both used rotoscoping animation techniques. Working with Bob Sabiston and Sabiston's program Rotoshop to create this effect, Linklater shot and edited both movies completely as live-action features, then employed a team of artists to "trace over" individual frames. The result is a distinctive "semi-real" quality, praised by such critics as Roger Ebert (in the case of Waking Life) as being original and well-suited to the aims of the film. Fast Food Nation (2006) is an adaptation of the best selling book that examines the local and global influence of the United States fast food industry. The film was entered into the 2006 Cannes Film Festival<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> before being released in North America on November 17, 2006, and in Europe on March 23, 2007. The film received mixed reviews. Linklater fared better with the critics with A Scanner Darkly (released in the same year), Me and Orson Welles (2009), and Bernie (2011).<ref name="Linklater Rotten Tomatoes">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay for Before Midnight, the third film in the Before... trilogy.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

2014–present: Boyhood and other works

In 2014 he released the film Boyhood, which had been 12 years in the making.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Boyhood received overwhelming critical acclaim. Linklater won the Golden Globes, Critics' Choice Movie Awards, and BAFTAs for Best Director and Best Picture. He also received his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director, along with nominations for Best Original Screenplay and Best Picture. For a while Linklater was attached to direct a remake of The Incredible Mr. Limpet for Warner Bros.<ref name=talkinabout>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> However, he dropped the project in favor of working on a spiritual successor to Dazed and Confused, titled Everybody Wants Some!!,<ref name=talkinabout/> with backing from Annapurna Pictures and Paramount distributing the film in North America.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The film was released in March 2016 and was well received by critics, but it failed to recoup its budget of 10 million dollars, grossing only 4.6 million.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the second half of the 2010s, Linklater wrote and directed the drama film Last Flag Flying, starring Bryan Cranston, Laurence Fishburne, and Steve Carell. A sequel to Hal Ashby's 1973 film The Last Detail, it began filming in November 2016, and was released on November 3, 2017.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Linklater then directed Where'd You Go, Bernadette, based on the novel by Maria Semple and produced by Annapurna Pictures.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Linklater was attached to direct an adaptation of Graeme Simsion's novel The Rosie Project that would have starred Jennifer Lawrence in the lead role, but he dropped out of directing when Lawrence dropped out of the project.<ref name="rosieproject">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2019, it was announced that Linklater would be filming an adaptation of Stephen Sondheim's musical Merrily We Roll Along. Like Boyhood, it will be filmed over the course of several years, but, like the musical and the play it is based on, will be presented in reverse chronology.<ref name="merrily">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2024, Linklater directed an episode of God Save Texas for HBO, focusing on the prison industrial complex in Huntsville, Texas.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

He directed the action romantic comedy Hit Man starring Glen Powell and Adria Arjona. The film premiered at the 80th Venice International Film Festival in 2023 where it received critical acclaim and was picked up for distribution by Netflix and released in 2024.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The following year he directed the biographical film revolving around Lorenz Hart and the opening night of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical Oklahoma! which starred Ethan Hawke, Andrew Scott, and Margaret Qualley.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The film premiered at the 75th Berlin International Film Festival to positive reviews.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> That same year his film, Nouvelle Vague about the shooting of the French New Wave film Breathless directed by Jean-Luc Goddard, premiered at the 2025 Cannes Film Festival.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Style and influences

Inspiration for Linklater's work was largely based on his experience viewing the film Raging Bull.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

It made me see movies as a potential outlet for what I was thinking about and hoping to express. At that point I was an unformed artist. At that moment, something was simmering in me, but Raging Bull brought it to a boil.<ref>Linklater, Richard. Interview by Robert K. Elder. The Film That Changed My Life. By Robert K. Elder. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2011. N. p197. Print.</ref>

He was also influenced by Robert Bresson, Yasujirō Ozu, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Eric Rohmer, François Truffaut, Josef Von Sternberg, and Carl Theodor Dreyer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Many of Linklater's films, including Slacker, Dazed and Confused, Tape, and all three installments of the Before Trilogy, take place in a single day. They are less plot-driven and more about human interactions.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Personal life

Linklater lives in Austin, Texas, and refuses to live or work in Hollywood for any extended period of time.

Linklater has been partnered with Christina Harrison since the 1990s.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1994 they had a daughter, and twin girls in 2004. The oldest, Lorelei Linklater, co-starred in Boyhood as the sister of the main character.

Linklater has been a vegetarian since his early 20s.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2015, he explained the dietary lifestyle in a Boyhood-style documentary for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.<ref>Robert Philpot, "Richard Linklater Does ‘Veghood’ for PETA," Star-Telegram, February 17, 2015.</ref>

Filmography

Key

Template:Dagger

Denotes productions that have not yet been released

Feature films

Year	Title	Director	Writer	Producer	Notes
1990	Slacker	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Also actor
1993	Dazed and Confused	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
1995	Before Sunrise	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Co-written with Kim Krizan
1996	SubUrbia	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No
1998	The Newton Boys	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Co-written with Claude Stanush and Clark Lee Walker
2001	Waking Life	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Also cinematographer
	Tape	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No
2003	School of Rock	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No
2004	Before Sunset	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Co-written with Julie Delpy, Ethan Hawke and Kim Krizan
2005	Bad News Bears	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes
2006	A Scanner Darkly	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No
	Fast Food Nation	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Co-written with Eric Schlosser
2008	Me and Orson Welles	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes
2011	Bernie	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Co-written with Skip Hollandsworth
2013	Before Midnight	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Co-written with Ethan Hawke and Julie Delpy
2014	Boyhood	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
2016	Everybody Wants Some!!	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
2017	Last Flag Flying	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Co-written with Darryl Ponicsan
2019	Where'd You Go, Bernadette	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:No	Co-written with Holly Gent and Vince Palmo
2022	Apollo 10½: A Space Age Childhood	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
2023	Hit Man	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Co-written with Glen Powell
2025	Blue Moon	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes
	Nouvelle Vague	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Yes
TBA	Template:Pending film	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Filming will continue for the next 17 years

Acting roles

Year	Title	Role	Notes
1988	It's Impossible to Learn to Plow by Reading Books	Unnamed character
1990	Slacker	"Should Have Stayed at the Bus Station"
1995	The Underneath	Ember Doorman
1995	Before Sunrise	Foosball player
1996	Beavis and Butt-Head Do America	Tour Bus Driver	Voice role
1998	Scotch and Milk	Cab Passenger
2001	Spy Kids	Cool Spy
	Chelsea Walls	Crony #2
	Waking Life	Pinball Playing Man / Man on Back of Boat
2006	The Hottest State	John Wayne Enthusiast
2008	RSO (Registered Sex Offender)	Principal Mallard
2018	Blaze	Oilman #3
2019	Another Day at the Office	Rick

Short films

Year	Title	Director	Writer	Producer
1985	Woodshock	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No
2003	Live from Shiva's Dance Floor	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No
2019	Another Day at the Office	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes

Television

Year	Title	Director	Writer	Producer	Notes
2004	$5.15/Hr.	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	TV pilot
2012	Up to Speed	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes
2016–2018	School of Rock<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Partial
2020	That Animal Rescue Show	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Partial	Directed 2 Episodes
2024	God Save Texas	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:Partial	Episode: "Hometown Prison"

Other works

Year	Title	Director	Writer	Producer	Notes
1988	It's Impossible to Learn to Plow by Reading Books	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Amateur film; also actor, cinematographer and editor
1991	Heads I Win/Tails You Lose	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Template:Yes	Experimental video project
2008	Inning by Inning: A Portrait of a Coach	Template:Yes	Template:No	Template:No	Documentary film
2015	I Dream Too Much	Template:No	Template:No	Template:Partial

Reception

Critical reception

Film	Rotten Tomatoes	Metacritic
Slacker	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 69<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Dazed and Confused	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 78<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Before Sunrise	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 77<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SubUrbia	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 62<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Newton Boys	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 57<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Waking Life	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 82<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Tape	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 71<ref>Tape. Metacritic.</ref>
School of Rock	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 82<ref>School of Rock. Metacritic.</ref>
Before Sunset	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 90<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Bad News Bears	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 65<ref>Bad News Bears. Metacritic.</ref>
A Scanner Darkly	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 73<ref>A Scanner Darkly. Metacritic.</ref>
Fast Food Nation	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 64<ref>Fast Food Nation. Metacritic.</ref>
Me and Orson Welles	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 73<ref>Me and Orson Welles. Metacritic.</ref>
Bernie	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 75<ref>Bernie. Metacritic.</ref>
Before Midnight	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 94<ref>Before Midnight. Metacritic.</ref>
Boyhood	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 100<ref name="Boyhood">Boyhood. Metacritic.</ref>
Everybody Wants Some!!	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 83<ref>[1]. Metacritic.</ref>
Last Flag Flying	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 65<ref>[2]. Metacritic.</ref>
Where'd You Go, Bernadette	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref> || 51<ref>[3]. Metacritic.</ref>
Apollo 10 1⁄2: A Space Age Childhood	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	79<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Hit Man	citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>	82<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Average	81%	75

Box office

Film	Release date	Revenue			Budget	Ref.
		United States	Outside US	Worldwide
Slacker	Template:Start date	$1,228,208	Template:N/A	$1,228,208	$23,000	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Dazed and Confused	Template:Start date	$7,993,039	Template:N/A	$7,993,039	$6,900,000	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Before Sunrise	Template:Start date	$5,535,405	Template:N/A	$5,535,405	$2,500,000	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
SubUrbia	Template:Start date	$656,747	Template:N/A	$656,747	Template:N/A	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The Newton Boys	Template:Start date	$10,452,012	Template:N/A	$10,452,012	$27,000,000	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Waking Life	Template:Start date	$2,901,447	$275,433	$3,176,880	Template:N/A	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Tape	Template:Start date	$490,475	$25,425	$515,900	$100,000	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
School of Rock	Template:Start date	$81,261,177	$50,021,772	$131,282,949	$35,000,000	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Before Sunset	Template:Start date	$5,820,649	$10,171,966	$15,992,615	$2,700,000	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Bad News Bears	Template:Start date	$32,868,349	$1,384,498	$34,252,847	$35,000,000	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
A Scanner Darkly	Template:Start date	$5,501,616	$2,158,302	$7,659,918	$8,700,000	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Fast Food Nation	Template:Start date	$1,005,539	$1,203,783	$2,209,322	Template:N/A	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Me and Orson Welles	Template:Start date	$1,190,003	$1,146,169	$2,336,172	$25,000,000	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Bernie	Template:Start date	$9,206,470	$884,171	$10,090,641	$6,000,000	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Before Midnight	Template:Start date	$8,114,627	$3,061,842	$23,376,973	$3,000,000	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Boyhood	Template:Start date	$25,352,281	$22,785,385	$48,137,666	$4,000,000	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Total		$198,132,207	$89,476,361	$287,608,568	$155,923,000

Awards and nominations

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}}

Year	Title	Academy Awards		BAFTA Awards		Golden Globe Awards
		Nominations	Wins	Nominations	Wins	Nominations	Wins
2003	School of Rock					1
2004	Before Sunset	1
2008	Me and Orson Welles			1
2011	Bernie					1
2013	Before Midnight	1				1
2014	Boyhood	6	1	5	3	5	3
2019	Where'd You Go, Bernadette					1
Total		8	1	6	3	9	3

• Slacker (1991) was nominated for Best Director at the Independent Spirit Awards.
• Before Sunrise (1995) won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the Berlin International Film Festival.
• Waking Life (2001) was nominated for Best Director and Best Screenplay at the Independent Spirit Awards.
• Before Sunset (2004) was nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and Best Screenplay at the Independent Spirit Awards.
• A Scanner Darkly (2006) – Named Best Austin Film by the Austin Film Critics Association.
• Me and Orson Welles (2008) – Named Best Austin Film by the Austin Film Critics Association.
• Bernie (2011) – Named Best Austin Film by the Austin Film Critics Association.
• Before Midnight (2013) was nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and Best Screenplay at the Independent Spirit Awards.
• Boyhood (2014) was nominated for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, Best Film Editing, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Supporting Actress by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and won Best Supporting Actress for Patricia Arquette. It also won Golden Globes for Best Director and Best Motion Picture – Drama, as well as the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival.<ref>"Richard Linklater". allmovie.com. Retrieved June 28, 2013.</ref> Received Best Film and Best Director honors from Los Angeles Film Critics Association, Boston Society of Film Critics, New York Film Critics Circle, Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association and New York Film Critics Online.
• Linklater was made Honorary Associate of London Film School.

External links

• Template:Official website
• [https://www.imdb.com/{{#if: 0000500

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