Ring (diacritic)
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A ring diacritic may appear above or below letters. It may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in various contexts.
RingsEdit
Distinct letterEdit
The character Å (å) is derived from an A with a ring. It is a distinct letter in the Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Walloon, and Chamorro alphabets. For example, the 29-letter Swedish alphabet begins with the basic 26 Latin letters and ends with the three letters Å, Ä, and Ö.
OverringEdit
The character Ů (ů) a Latin U with overring, or kroužek is a grapheme in Czech preserved for historic reasons, and represented a vowel shift. For example, the word for "horse" used to be written kóň, which evolved, along with pronunciation, into kuoň. Ultimately, the vowel {{#invoke:IPA|main}} disappeared completely, and the uo evolved into ů, modern form kůň. The letter ů now has the same pronunciation as the letter ú (long {{#invoke:IPA|main}}), but changes to a short o when a word is morphed (e.g. nom. kůň → gen. koně, nom. dům → gen. domu), thus showing the historical evolution of the language. Ů can only occur in medial position, while ú occurs almost exclusively in initial position or at the beginning of a word root in a compound. These characters are used also in Steuer's Silesian alphabet. The {{#invoke:IPA|main}} pronunciation has prevailed in some Moravian dialects, as well as in Slovak, which uses the letter ô instead of ů.
The ring is used in some dialects of Emilian and Romagnol to distinguish the sound {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (å) from {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (a).
ů was used in Old Lithuanian in Lithuania Minor from the 16th till the beginning of the 20th century and for a shorter time in 16th-century Lithuania Major for diphthong {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
The ring was used in the Lithuanian Cyrillic alphabet promoted by Russian authorities in the last quarter of the 19th century with the letter У̊ / у̊ used to represent the {{#invoke:IPA|main}} diphthong (now written uo in Lithuanian orthography).
ẘ and ẙ are used in the ISO 233 romanization of the Arabic alphabet. A fatḥah followed by the letter ⟨{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}⟩ (wāw) with a sukūn ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is romanized as aẘ. A fatḥah followed by the letter ⟨{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}⟩ (yā’) with a sukūn over it ({{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) is romanized as aẙ.
Ring upon e (e̊) is used by certain dialectologists of Walloon (especially Jean-Jacques Gaziaux) to note the {{#invoke:IPA|main}} vowel typically replacing {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in the Brabant province central Walloon dialects. The difficulty of type-writing it has led some writers to prefer ë for the same sound.
Unicode Edit
Many more characters can be created in Unicode using the combining character Template:Unichar, including the above-mentioned у̊ (Cyrillic у with overring) or ń̊ (n with acute and overring).
The standalone (spacing) symbol is Template:Unichar. The unrelated, but nearly identical degree symbol is Template:Unichar.
Although similar in appearance, it is not to be confused with the Japanese handakuten (Template:Unichar), a diacritic used with the kana for syllables starting with h to indicate that they should instead be pronounced with {{#invoke:IPA|main}}. In Japanese dialectology, handakuten is used with kana for syllables starting with k to indicate their consonant is {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, with syllables starting with r to indicate their consonant is l though this does not change the pronunciation, with kana u to indicate its morph into kana n, and with kana i to indicate the vowel is to be said as {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.
In Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, there are two ring characters: ᐤ (Cree and Ojibwe final w, or Sayisi o) and ᣞ (Cree and Ojibwe final w or final y). This second smaller ring can combine as a diacritic ring above in Moose Cree and Moose-Cree influenced Ojibwe as a final y; in Inuktitut, the ring above the /_i/ character turns it into a /_aai/ character. In Western Cree, /_w_w/ sequence is represented as ᐝ.
In addition to the combining character option, Unicode has some precomposed characters: Template:Col-begin-fixed Template:Col-break
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UnderringEdit
The underring is used in IPA to indicate voicelessness, and in Indo-European studies or in Sanskrit transliteration (IAST) to indicate syllabicity of sonorants.
Unicode encodes the underring as a combining character at Template:Unichar. Unicode also has precomposed characters for the letters Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr with undering (Template:Unichar and Template:Unichar). Precomposed character encodings for 'R with ring below', 'L with ring below', 'R with ring below and macron', and 'L with ring below and macron' were proposed, because of their use in Sanskrit transliteration and the CSX+ Indic character set.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> This proposal was rejected, because they are already encoded as combining character sequences.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
PashtoEdit
In Pashto romanization, Template:Angbr is used to represent {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
EmilianEdit
In Emilian, Template:Angbr can be used to represent unstressed {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in very accurate transcriptions.Template:Cn
RomagnolEdit
In Romagnol, Template:Angbr is used to represent {{#invoke:IPA|main}} in diphthongs, e.g. Santarcangelo dialect ame̥ig {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'friend', ne̥ud {{#invoke:IPA|main}} 'naked'.Template:Cn
Half ringsEdit
Half rings also exist as diacritic marks; these are characters Template:Unichar and Template:Unichar. These characters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, respectively for mediopalatal pronunciation and strong-onset vowels. These characters may be used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, denoting less and more roundedness, as alternatives to half rings below Template:Unichar and Template:Unichar. They are here given with the lowercase a: a͑ and a͗, a̜ and a̹.
Template:Unichar is similar in appearance but differs from a͗ because its compatibility decomposition uses Template:Unichar instead of Template:Unichar.
Other, similar signs are in use in Armenian: the Template:Unichar and the Template:Unichar.
Breve and inverted breve are also shaped like half rings, respectively, the bottom and top half of a circle.
Other usesEdit
The ring is used in the transliteration of Abkhaz to represent the letter ҩ. It may also be used in place of the abbreviation symbol ॰ when transliterating the Devanagari alphabet.
Letters with ringEdit
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Similar marksEdit
The ring as a diacritic mark should not be confused with the dot or Template:Unichar diacritic marks, or with the degree sign °.
The half ring as a diacritic mark should not be confused with the comma or ogonek diacritic marks.