Riothamus

Template:Short description {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (also spelled {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} or {{#invoke:Lang|lang}})<ref>Riothamus (Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistulae III, 9); Riutimus or Riotimus (Jordanes, Getica 237-8).</ref> was a Romano-British military leader, who was active circa AD 470. He fought against the Goths in alliance with the declining Western Roman Empire. He is called "King of the Britons" by the 6th-century historian Jordanes, but the extent of his realm is unclear. Some Arthurian scholars identify Riothamus as one of the possible sources of the legendary King Arthur.

NameEdit

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} is a Latinization of the Brythonic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning 'Great King', 'Kingliest'. Alternatively, it may come from Brittonic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, meaning 'Freest'.<ref>Delamarre, Xavier. Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Paris, éditions Errance, 2003. p. 29. Template:ISBN.</ref> The Brittonic form survived into Old Welsh as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (Modern Welsh {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}) and Old Breton {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.

RealmEdit

It is not clear whether Jordanes' "Britons" refers to the Britons of Great Britain itself, or of Armorica, which was undergoing significant British settlement and later came to be known as Brittany.

The Old Breton name {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, which (like Riothamus) is derived from Brittonic {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, appears in medieval Breton records (primarily biographies of early Breton saints) as one of the Princes of Domnonée (a coastal region in Brittany which takes its name from Dumnonia in southern Britain). He is identified as a son of Deroch II. For chronological reasons, this Riatam is probably a different individual from Jordanes' Riothamus, who lived earlier.

Correspondence with Sidonius ApollinarisEdit

More secure information is provided by a letter which has survived that was written to Riothamus from Sidonius Apollinaris, bishop of Clermont, who requested his judgment for "an obscure and humble person" who had had his slaves enticed away by a group of armed Bretons.<ref name = "cve"/> According to C.E.V. Nixon, the letter is evidence that Armorica at this time was becoming "like a magnet to peasants, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, slaves and the hard-pressed" as Roman power weakened. Poorer subjects of Rome with no stake in land ownership found Breton territory to be a safe haven from the Goths.<ref name = "cve">C.E.V. Nixon, "Relations Between Visigoths and Romans in Fifth Century Gaul", in John Drinkwater, Hugh Elton (eds) Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity?, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 69</ref>

The letterEdit

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>Luetjohann, Christian (ed.), Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores antiquissimi Vol VIII, Apollinaris Sidonii Epistulae et Carmina, Weidmann, Berlin, 1887, p. 46.</ref>

TranslationEdit

To his friend Riothamus

I will write once more in my usual strain, mingling compliment with grievance. Not that I at all desire to follow up the first words of greeting with disagreeable subjects, but things seem to be always happening which a man of my order and in my position can neither mention without unpleasantness, nor pass over without neglect of duty. Yet I do my best to remember the burdensome and delicate sense of honour which makes you so ready to blush for others' faults. The bearer of this is an obscure and humble person, so harmless, insignificant, and helpless that he seems to invite his own discomfiture; his grievance is that the Bretons are secretly enticing his slaves away. Whether his indictment is a true one, I cannot say; but if you can only confront the parties and decide the matter on its merits, I think the unfortunate man may be able to make good his charge, if indeed a stranger from the country unarmed, abject and impecunious to boot, has ever a chance of a fair or kindly hearing against adversaries with all the advantages he lacks, arms, astuteness, turbulences, and the aggressive spirit of men backed by numerous friends. Farewell.<ref>Dalton, O. M. (ed., trans.), The Letters of Sidonius, Volume I, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1915, p. 76</ref>

War with the GothsEdit

Jordanes states that Riothamus supported the Romans against the Visigoths led by Euric (who lived c. 440 – 484). In The Origin and Deeds of the Goths, he states that Riothamus brought a British army to supplement Roman forces but suffered defeat fighting against overwhelming odds when the Goths intercepted his force:

Jordanes, Getica, XLV.237–238Edit

{{#invoke:Lang|lang}}<ref>Mommsen, Theodor, Jordanis Romana et Gethica, Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Auctores antiquissimi, 5.1. Berlin, Weidmann, 1882, p. 118-119.</ref>
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TranslationEdit

"Now Euric, king of the Visigoths, perceived the frequent change of Roman Emperors and strove to hold Gaul by his own right. The Emperor Anthemius heard of it and asked the Brittones for aid. Their King Riotimus came with twelve thousand men into the state of the Bituriges by the way of Ocean, and was received as he disembarked from his ships. (238) Euric, king of the Visigoths, came against them with an innumerable army, and after a long fight he routed Riotimus, King of the Britons, before the Romans could join him. So when he had lost a great part of his army, he fled with all the men he could gather together, and came to the Burgundians, a neighboring tribe then allied to the Romans. But Euric, king of the Visigoths, seized the Gallic city of Arvernum; for the Emperor Anthemius was now dead."<ref>Geary, Patrick J. Readings in Medieval History: The Early Middle Ages, University of Toronto Press, 2010, p. 100.</ref>
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A letter from Sidonius Apollinaris to his friend Vincentius, written circa 468 AD, records that Roman officials intercepted a letter written by the Praetorian Prefect of Gaul, Arvandus, to the Visigothic king Euric stating that "the Britons stationed beyond the Loire should be attacked" and that the Visigoths and Burgundians (who were at the time clients of the Romans) should divide Gaul between them; this has led some scholars (such as Geoffrey Ashe) to suggest that Arvandus betrayed Riothamus. This letter does not mention Riothamus by name, however, and (based on the reconstruction of the chronology of Sidonius' letters), it is possible that Riothamus and his forces were not the direct subject of Arvandus' message to Euric, as Arvandus was already under arrest and on his way to Rome before Riothamus had even entered the fray against the Visigoths, sometime between 470 and 472 AD (the latter being the year of emperor Anthemius' death).<ref>Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistulae I, 7, 5.</ref>

Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum, II.18Edit

Gregory of Tours seems to react to the outcome of the battle between the Visigoths and Britons:<ref>Gregory of Tours, Decem libri historiarum ii, 18.</ref><ref>Brehaut, E. (trans.), Gregory of Tours: History of the Franks, Columbia University Press, 1916, p. 35.</ref>

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TranslationEdit

II.18. How Childeric went to Orleans and Odoacer to Angers.
Now Childeric fought at Orléans and Odoacer came with the Saxons to Angers. At that time a great plague destroyed the people. Aegidius died and left a son, Syagrius by name. On his death Odoacer received hostages from Angers and other places. The Britanni were driven from Bourges by the Goths, and many were slain at the village of Déols. Count Paul with the Romans and Franks made war on the Goths and took booty. When Odoacer came to Angers, king Childeric came on the following day, and slew count Paul, and took the city. In a great fire on that day the house of the bishop was burned.{{#if:|{{#if:|}}

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Riothamus as King Arthur or Ambrosius AurelianusEdit

Riothamus has been identified as a candidate for the historical King Arthur by several scholars over the centuries, notably the historian Geoffrey Ashe,<ref>The Discovery of King Arthur, Guild Publishing, London, 1985.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> primarily due to Riothamus's activities in Gaul, which bear a casual resemblance to King Arthur's Gallic campaign as first recorded by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. Geoffrey Ashe has suggested a link between Riothamus' alleged betrayal by Arvandus and Arthur's betrayal by Mordred in the {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and proposes that Riothamus' last known position was near the Burgundian town of Avallon (not noted by any ancient source mentioning Riothamus), which he suggests is the basis for the Arthurian connection to Avalon.

Academic historian Léon Fleuriot argued that Riothamus is identical to Ambrosius Aurelianus, a historical figure in Britain around this time who, in the early narratives containing Arthur, preceded Arthur.<ref name = "leo">Léon Fleuriot, Les origines de la Bretagne: l’émigration, Paris, Payot, 1980, p. 170</ref> Fleuriot suggested that "Riothamus" was Aurelianus' title as overlord of all Brythonic territories. He noted that "Riothamus" and Aurelianus are contemporaneous and that Aurelianus is the only British leader of the time who is identified (much later) as ruling both Brythons and Franks, which could only be the case if he ruled territory in Brittany. He also suggested that the name "Abros" in Breton genealogies is a contraction of "Ambrosius" and that Nennius indicates that Ambrosius was supreme ruler of the Britons, which, Fleuriot argues, would translate as "Riothamus".<ref name = "leo"/> Fleuriot suggested that Ambrosius led the Britons in the battle against the Goths, but then returned to Britain to continue the war against the Saxons.<ref name = "leo"/>