Robbie Robertson
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Jaime Royal Robertson<ref name=rnr_h_seb>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Post-nominals (July 5, 1943 – August 9, 2023) was a Canadian musician of Indigenous and Jewish ancestry. He was the lead guitarist for Bob Dylan's backing band in the mid-late 1960s and early-mid 1970s. Robertson was also the guitarist and primary songwriter of The Band from its inception until 1978, after which time he enjoyed a lengthy solo career.
Robertson's work with the Band was instrumental in creating the Americana music genre. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Canadian Music Hall of Fame as a member of the Band; he was also inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame, both with the Band and on his own. Robertson is ranked 59th in Rolling Stone magazine's 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> He wrote "The Weight", "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down", and "Up on Cripple Creek" with the Band. Robertson also had solo hits with "Broken Arrow" and "Somewhere Down the Crazy River", among others. He was inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame and received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Academy of Songwriters.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Robertson collaborated on film and TV soundtracks, usually with director Martin Scorsese. His soundtrack work began with the rockumentary film The Last Waltz (1978) and included dramatic films such as Raging Bull (1980), The King of Comedy (1983), The Color of Money (1986), Casino (1995), Gangs of New York (2002), The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), Silence (2016), The Irishman (2019), and Killers of the Flower Moon (2023). Robertson scored Killers of the Flower Moon shortly before his death;<ref name=":3" /> the film was dedicated to his memory<ref name=":4" /> and garnered him a posthumous nomination for Best Original Score at the Academy Awards.<ref name=":5" />
Early lifeEdit
Jaime Royal Robertson<ref name=TGM>Template:Cite news</ref> was born an only child on July 5, 1943. His mother was born Rosemarie Dolly Chrysler on February 6, 1922.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Chrysler was Cayuga and Mohawk,<ref name="hiawatha">Template:Cite magazine</ref> and was raised on the Six Nations of the Grand River reserve southwest of Toronto near Hamilton. Chrysler later lived with an aunt in the Cabbagetown neighbourhood of Toronto and worked at the Coro jewellery plating factory. She met James Patrick Robertson there and married him in 1942.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
James and Rosemarie Robertson continued working at the Coro factory, and they lived in several Toronto neighbourhoods while Robertson was a child.<ref name="whispering_pines1">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref name="levon_helm_book">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Robbie Robertson often travelled with his mother to the Six Nations reserve to visit family. Here he was taught guitar, particularly by his older cousin Herb Myke. He became a fan of rock and roll and rhythm and blues through the radio, listening to disc jockey George "Hound Dog" Lorenz play rock on WKBW from Buffalo, New York, and staying up to listen to John R.'s all-night blues show on WLAC, a clear-channel station in Nashville, Tennessee.<ref name="whispering_pines">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref name="levon_helm_book1">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
When Robertson was 12 years of age, as his mother was in the process of obtaining a divorce from James Robertson, she told him that his biological father was Alexander David Klegerman. Klegerman was a Jewish-American gambler<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with whom Robertson's mother had been involved before her marriage to James Robertson. Klegerman had died in a hit-and-run accident on the Queen Elizabeth Way before Robbie Robertson was born. Robertson's mother arranged for her son to meet his paternal uncles, Morris (Morrie) and Nathan (Natie) Klegerman.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="Jewish">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Robertson later stated that his uncles "'quickly pulled me into their world and went out of their way to make me feel like family'".<ref name="Jewish" />
Early careerEdit
When Robertson was 14, he worked two brief summer jobs in the travelling carnival circuit, first for a few days in a suburb of Toronto, and later as an assistant at a freak show for three weeks during the Canadian National Exhibition. He later drew from this for his song "Life is a Carnival" (with the Band) and the movie Carny (1980), which he both produced and starred in.<ref name="carny_ost_notes">Template:Cite book</ref>
The first band Robertson joined was Little Caesar and the Consuls, formed in 1956 by pianist/vocalist Bruce Morshead and guitarist Gene MacLellan. He stayed with the group for almost a year, playing popular songs of the day at local teen dances. In 1957 he formed Robbie and the Rhythm Chords with his friend Pete "Thumper" Traynor (who later founded Traynor Amplifiers). They changed the name to Robbie and the Robots after they watched the film Forbidden Planet and took a liking to the film's character Robby the Robot. Traynor customized Robertson's guitar for the Robots, fitting it with antennae and wires to give it a space age look. Traynor and Robertson joined with pianist Scott Cushnie and became The Suedes. At a Suedes show on October 5, 1959, when they played CHUM Radio's Hif Fi Club on Toronto's Merton Street, Ronnie Hawkins first became aware of them and was impressed enough to join them for a few numbers. <ref name=levon_helm_book/>Template:Rp<ref name=whispering_pines/>Template:Rp<ref name="band_bio">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>For Robbie's early-band chronology, see Chapter two "Who Do You Love: Ronnie Hawkins & The Hawks" in Jason Schneider's book Whispering Pines: The Northern Roots of American Music... From Hank Snow to The Band, ECW Press Toronto Template:ISBN 2009 First Edition hardcover</ref>
With Ronnie Hawkins and the HawksEdit
Robertson began shadowing Hawkins after the Suedes opened for the Arkansas-based rockabilly group Ronnie Hawkins and the Hawks at Dixie Arena.<ref name="Robertson2016">Template:Cite book</ref> One afternoon he overheard Hawkins say he needed some new songs since they were going into the studio to record the next month. Hoping to ingratiate himself, Robertson stayed up all night and wrote two songs, "Someone Like You" and "Hey Boba Lu", and played them for Hawkins the next day. The showman was impressed and recorded both of them for his new album, Mr Dynamo (1959).<ref name="Wright-McLeod2018">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Marcus2015">Template:Cite book</ref> Hawkins brought Robertson to the Brill Building in New York City to help him choose songs for the rest of the album.<ref name=rnr_h_seb/>Template:Rp<ref name=levon_helm_book/>Template:Rp<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp
Hawkins hired pianist Scott Cushnie away from the Suedes, and took him on tour in Arkansas with the Hawks. When the Hawks' bass player left the group, Cushnie recommended that Hawkins hire Robertson to replace him on bass.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp<ref name="sc_hamilton_2014">Template:Cite news</ref>
Hawkins invited Robertson to Arkansas, and then flew to the UK to perform on television there. Left in Arkansas, Robertson spent his living allowance on records and practised intensively each day. Upon returning, Hawkins hired him to play bass. Cushnie left the band a few months later.<ref name=sc_hamilton_2014/> Robertson soon switched from bass to playing lead guitar for the Hawks.<ref name=rnr_h_seb/>Template:Rp<ref name=levon_helm_book/>Template:Rp Robertson developed into a guitar virtuoso.<ref>Howard Sounes. Down the Highway: The Life Of Bob Dylan Doubleday (2001), pg. 189; Template:ISBN</ref>
Roy Buchanan, a few years older than Robertson, was briefly a member of the Hawks and became an important influence on Robertson's guitar style: "Standing next to Buchanan on stage for several months, Robertson was able to absorb Buchanan's deft manipulations with his volume speed dial, his tendency to bend multiple strings for steel guitar-like effect, his rapid sweep picking, and his passion for bending past the root and fifth notes during solo flights."<ref name="Drozdowski">How to Play Guitar Like The Band's Robbie Robertson, Gibson.com Aug 26, 2011; accessed September 2, 2017.</ref>
Drummer/singer Levon Helm was already a member of the Hawks and soon became close friends with Robertson.<ref name=levon_helm_book/>Template:Rp The Hawks continued to tour the United States and Canada, adding Rick Danko, Richard Manuel, and Garth Hudson to the Hawks lineup in 1961.<ref name="band_last_waltz_book">Template:Cite book</ref>
This lineup, which later became the Band, toured with Hawkins throughout 1962 and into 1963.<ref name=levon_helm_book/>Template:Rp They also hired the saxophone player Jerry Penfound and later Bruce Bruno, who were both with the group in their intermediary period as Levon and the Hawks.<ref name="jerry_penfound">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="bruce_bruno">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Ronnie Hawkins and the Hawks cut sessions for Roulette Records throughout 1961–1963, all of which Robertson appeared on. The sessions included three singles: "Come Love" b/w "I Feel Good" (Roulette 4400 1961); "Who Do You Love" b/w "Bo Diddley" (Roulette 4483 1963); and "There's A Screw Loose" b/w "High Blood Pressure" (Roulette 4502 1963).<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp<ref name="rh_discog">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
With Levon and the HawksEdit
The Hawks left Ronnie Hawkins at the beginning of 1964 to go on their own.<ref name="bowman_band_bio_3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The members of the Hawks were losing interest in playing in the rockabilly style and favoured blues and soul music. In early 1964, the group approached agent Harold Kudlets about representing them, which he agreed to do, booking them a year's worth of shows in the same circuits as they had been in before with Ronnie Hawkins. Originally dubbed The Levon Helm Sextet, the group included all of the future members of the Band, plus Jerry Penfound on saxophone and Bob Bruno on vocals.<ref name=levon_helm_book/>Template:Rp
After Bruno left in May 1964, the group changed their name to Levon and the Hawks. Penfound stayed with the group until 1965.<ref name=jerry_penfound/> Kudlets kept the group busy performing throughout 1964 and into 1965, finally booking them into two lengthy summer engagements at the popular nightclub Tony Mart's in Somers Point, New Jersey, at the Shore.<ref name=whispering_pines/>Template:Rp They played six nights a week alongside Conway Twitty and other acts.<ref name="tony_mart_1965">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The members of Levon and the Hawks befriended blues artist John P. Hammond while he was performing in Toronto in 1964.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp Later in the year, the group agreed to work on Hammond's album So Many Roads (released in 1965) at the same time that they were playing the Peppermint Lounge in New York City.<ref name=whispering_pines/>Template:Rp Robertson played guitar throughout the album, and was billed "Jaime R. Robertson" in the album's credits.<ref name=levon_helm_book/>Template:Rp
Levon and the Hawks cut a single "Uh Uh Uh" b/w "Leave Me Alone" under the name the Canadian Squires in March 1965. Both songs were written by Robertson. The single was recorded in New York<ref name=whispering_pines/>Template:Rp and released on Apex Records in the United States and on Ware Records in Canada.<ref name="band_box_2005">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp As Levon and the Hawks, the group cut an afternoon session for Atco Records later in 1965,<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp which yielded two singles, "The Stones I Throw" b/w "He Don't Love You" (Atco 6383) and "Go, Go, Liza Jane" b/w "He Don't Love You" (Atco 6625).<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp Robertson also wrote all three of the tracks on Levon and the Hawks' Atco singles.<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp
With Bob Dylan and the HawksEdit
1965–1966 World TourEdit
Template:See also Toward the end of Levon and the Hawks' second engagement at Tony Mart's in New Jersey, in August 1965, Robertson received a call from Albert Grossman Management requesting a meeting with singer Bob Dylan.<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp<ref name="taxi_2">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The group had been recommended to both Grossman and to Dylan by Mary Martin, one of Grossman's employees; she was originally from Toronto and was a friend of the band.<ref name=whispering_pines/>Template:Rp<ref name="bowman_band_bio_4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Dylan was also aware of the group through his friend John Hammond,<ref name=whispering_pines/>Template:Rp whose album So Many Roads members of the Hawks had performed on.
Robertson agreed to meet with Dylan. Initially, Dylan intended simply to hire Robertson as the guitarist for his backing group. Robertson refused the offer, but did agree to play two shows with Dylan, one at the Forest Hills Tennis Stadium in Forest Hills, New York on August 28, and one at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles on September 3. Robertson suggested they use Levon Helm on drums for the shows.<ref name="where_are_you_now">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
Robertson and Helm performed in Dylan's backing band, along with Harvey Brooks and Al Kooper for both shows. The first at Forest Hills received a predominantly hostile response, but the second in Los Angeles was received slightly more favourably.<ref name="whispering_pines"/>Template:Rp Dylan flew up to Toronto and rehearsed with Levon and the Hawks September 15–17, as Levon and the Hawks finished an engagement there, and hired the full band for his upcoming tour.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp
Bob Dylan and the Hawks toured the United States throughout October–December 1965,<ref name="bjorner_1965">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp with each show consisting of two sets: an acoustic show featuring only Dylan on guitar and harmonica, and an electric set featuring Dylan backed by the Hawks. The tours were largely met with a hostile reaction from fans who knew Dylan as a prominent figure in the American folk music revival, and thought his move into rock music a betrayal. Helm left the group after their November 28 performance in Washington, D.C. Session drummer Bobby Gregg replaced Helm for the December dates, and Sandy Konikoff was brought in to replace Gregg in January 1966.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp
Dylan and the Hawks played more dates in the continental United States from February to March 1966 of Bob Dylan's 1966 World Tour. From April 9-May 27, they played Hawaii, Australia, Europe, and the UK and Ireland. Drummer Sandy Konikoff left after the Pacific Northwest dates in March,<ref name=whispering_pines/>Template:Rp and Mickey Jones replaced him, staying with the group for the remainder of the tour. The Australian and European legs of the tour received a particularly harsh response from disgruntled folk fans. The May 17 Manchester Free Trade Hall show is best known for an angry audience member audibly yelling "Judas!" at Dylan; it became a frequently-bootlegged live show from the tour,<ref name="bootleg_book">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp but was eventually released officially as The Bootleg Series Vol. 4: Bob Dylan Live 1966, The "Royal Albert Hall" Concert.<ref name="bjorner_1966">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
The European leg of the tour was filmed by documentary filmmaker D. A. Pennebaker, but completion of a planned film was delayed. After recovering from an accident, Dylan decided to edit it himself.<ref name=bjorner_1966/> ABC television rejected it,<ref>Howard Sounes. Down the Highway: The Life of Bob Dylan. Doubleday 2001 p258 Template:ISBN</ref> and it was never commercially released. It was screened as Eat the Document in 1972 at the Whitney Museum in New York.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name =Rapp>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On November 30, 1965, Dylan cut a studio session with members of the Hawks,<ref name="bjorner_sessions_1965">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> which yielded the non-LP single "Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window?" Dylan completed the Blonde on Blonde album in Nashville in mid-February 1966, employing Robertson for one of these sessions, which took place on February 14.<ref name="bjorner_sessions_1966">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
"Basement Tapes" periodEdit
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On July 29, 1966, Dylan sustained an injured neck from a motorcycle accident, and retreated to a quiet domestic life with his new wife and child in upstate New York.<ref name="down_the_highway">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Some of the members of the Hawks were living at the Chelsea Hotel in New York City at the time,<ref name=down_the_highway/>Template:Rp and were kept on a weekly retainer by Dylan's management.<ref name=bowman_band_bio_4/>
In February 1967, Dylan invited the members of the Hawks to come up to Woodstock, New York to work on music.<ref name=bowman_band_bio_4/> Robertson had met a French-Canadian woman on the Paris stop of Dylan's 1966 world tour,<ref name="rs_rr_intv_1987">Template:Cite magazine</ref> and the two moved into a house in the Woodstock area.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp The remaining three members of the Hawks rented a house near West Saugerties, New York; it was later dubbed "Big Pink" because of its pink exterior.<ref name=down_the_highway/>Template:Rp
Dylan and the members of the Hawks worked together at the Big Pink house every day to rehearse and generate ideas for new songs, many of which they recorded in Big Pink's makeshift basement studio.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp The recordings were made between the late spring and autumn of 1967.<ref name="rs_basement_tapes_complete_14">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Previous Hawks member Levon Helm returned to the group in August 1967.<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp By this time, Robertson's guitar style had evolved to be more supportive of the songs and less devoted to displaying speed and virtuosity.<ref name="Drozdowski"/>
In time, word about these sessions began to circulate, and in 1968, Rolling Stone magazine co-founder Jann Wenner brought attention to these tracks in an article entitled "Dylan's Basement Tape Should Be Released".<ref name=rs_basement_tapes_complete_14/><ref name="rs_jann_wenner_1968">Template:Cite magazineTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
In 1969, a bootleg album with a plain white cover compiled by two incognito music industry insiders featured a collection of seven tracks from these sessions. The album, which became known as The Great White Wonder, began to appear in independent record stores and receive radio airplay. This album became a runaway success<ref name=bootleg_book/>Template:Rp and helped to launch the bootleg recording industry.<ref name="bootlegging_bob">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1975, Robertson produced an official compilation, The Basement Tapes, which included a selection of tracks from the sessions. An exhaustive collection of all 138 extant recordings was released in 2014 as The Bootleg Series Vol. 11: The Basement Tapes Complete.<ref name=rs_basement_tapes_complete_14/>
With The BandEdit
1967–1968: Music from Big PinkEdit
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In late 1967, Dylan left to record his next album, John Wesley Harding (1967). After recording the basic tracks, Dylan asked Robertson and Garth Hudson about playing on the album to fill out the sound. Robertson liked the starkness of the sound and recommended Dylan leave the tracks as they were.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp Dylan worked with the Hawks again when they were his backup band for two Woody Guthrie memorial concerts at Carnegie Hall in New York City in January 1968.<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp Three of these performances were later released by Columbia Records on the LP A Tribute to Woody Guthrie, Vol. 1 (1972).<ref name="woody_guthrie_tribute">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Over the course of the "Basement Tapes" period, the group had developed a sound of their own, and Grossman went to Los Angeles to shop the group to a major label, securing a contract with Capitol Records.<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp The group went to New York to begin recording songs with music producer John Simon. Capitol brought the group to Los Angeles to finish the album.<ref name="bowman_band_bio_5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The resulting album, Music from Big Pink,<ref name="hoskyns_2000_liner_notes">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> was released in August 1968.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Robertson wrote four of the songs on Music From Big Pink, including "The Weight", "Chest Fever", "Caledonia Mission", and "To Kingdom Come". He is listed in the songwriting credits as "J.R. Robertson". He sang lead vocal on the track "To Kingdom Come"; he did not sing on another Band song released to the public until "Knockin' Lost John" on 1977's Islands.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp<ref name=bowman_band_bio_5/> Two of Robertson's compositions for the album, "The Weight" and "Chest Fever", became important touchstones in the group's career. "The Weight" was influenced by the films of director Luis Buñuel, in particular Nazarín (1959) and Viridiana (1961), and reflects the recurring theme in Buñuel's films about the impossibility of sainthood. The song portrays an individual who attempts to take a saintly pilgrimage, and becomes mired down with requests from other people to do favors for them along the way. The mention of "Nazareth" at the beginning of the song refers to Nazareth, Pennsylvania, where the C. F. Martin & Company guitar manufacturer is located; it was inspired by Robertson seeing the word "Nazareth" in the hole of his Martin guitar.<ref name=rnr_h_seb/>Template:Rp Although "The Weight" reached No. 21 on the British radio charts,<ref name="official_charts_band">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> it did not fare as well on the American charts, initially stalling at No. 63.
The song gained traction following more successful covers by Jackie DeShannon (US No. 55, 1968), Aretha Franklin (US No. 19, 1969), and the Supremes with the Temptations (US No. 46, 1969), and the song's inclusion in the movie Easy Rider (1969), which became a runaway success. "The Weight" has since become the Band's best known song. It has been covered by many artists, appeared in dozens of films and documentaries, and has become a staple of American rock music.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp<ref name="viney_the_weight">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="no_depression_the_weight">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
When Music from Big Pink was released in 1968, the Band initially avoided media attention, and discouraged Capitol Records from promotional efforts. They also did not immediately pursue touring to support the album, and declined to be interviewed for a year.<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp The resulting mystery surrounding the group prompted speculation in the underground press.<ref name=bowman_band_bio_5/> Music from Big Pink received excellent reviews, and the album influenced many well-known musicians of the period.Template:Citation needed
1969–1973: Expansion and acclaimEdit
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In early 1969, the Band rented a home from Sammy Davis Jr. in Hollywood Hills, and converted the pool house behind it into a studio to recreate the "clubhouse" atmosphere that they had previously enjoyed at Big Pink. The band began recording every day in the pool house studio, working on a tight schedule to complete the album.<ref name=band_bio />Template:Rp An additional three tracks were recorded at The Hit Factory in New York in April 1969.<ref name=hoskyns_2000_liner_notes/> Robertson did most of the audio engineering on the album.<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp
The Band began performing regularly in spring 1969, with their first live dates as the Band taking place at the Winterland Ballroom in San Francisco.<ref name="band_concerts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Their most notable performances that year were at the 1969 Woodstock Festival and the UK Isle of Wight Festival with Bob Dylan in August.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp
The Band's album The Band was released in September 1969, and became a critical and commercial success. The album received almost universal critical praise, peaked at No. 9 on the U.S. pop charts, and stayed on the Top 40 for 24 weeks.<ref name="billboard_book">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The Band works as a loose concept album of Americana themes,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was instrumental in the creation of the Americana music genre.<ref name=hoskyns_2000_liner_notes/> It was included in the Library of Congress' National Recording Registry in 2009.<ref name="loc_natl_recording_registry">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The song from this album that had the strongest cultural influence was "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down". The song explores a Confederate man's life after defeat of the South following the American Civil War. It incorporates historical events to create a larger American mythos. Although the Band's original version was only released as the B side of the single "Up on Cripple Creek", a cover version by Joan Baez went to No. 3 on the charts in 1971 and helped to popularize the song.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp<ref name="dixie_viney">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Several other tracks from The Band received significant radio airplay, and became staples in the group's concert appearances. "Up on Cripple Creek" peaked at No. 25 in late 1969 in the United States, and was their only Top 30 hit there.<ref name="bowman_band_bio_6">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> "Rag Mama Rag" reached No. 16 in the UK in April 1970, the highest chart position of any single by the group in that country.<ref name=official_charts_band/> "Whispering Pines", co-written by Richard Manuel, was released as a single in France in 1970,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was later the title of a 2009 book about Canadian contributions to the Americana music genre by Jason Schneider.<ref name=whispering_pines/> On November 2, 1969, the Band appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show, one of only two television appearances they made.<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp
On January 12, 1970, the Band was featured on the cover of Time magazine.<ref name="band_time">Template:Cite magazine</ref> This was the first time a North American rock band had been featured on the cover of the magazine.<ref name="rr_site_bio">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The Band rented The Woodstock Playhouse in Woodstock, New York with the intent of recording a new live album there, but the city council voted against it, so they recorded on location, but without an audience. Robertson handled most of the songwriting duties as before.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp Robertson brought in Todd Rundgren to engineer the album which was recorded in two weeks' time.<ref name="bowman_band_bio_7">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> These sessions became their third album, Stage Fright, which became the Band's highest-charting album, peaking at No. 5 on September 5 and staying on the Billboard Top 40 for 14 weeks.<ref name=billboard_book/>Template:Rp
The Band's next album, Cahoots, was recorded at Albert Grossman's newly built Bearsville Studios and was released in October 1971. The album received mixed reviews, and peaked at No. 24 on the Billboard charts,<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp only remaining on the Billboard Top 40 for five weeks.<ref name=billboard_book/>Template:Rp Cahoots is notable for its cover of Bob Dylan's "When I Paint My Masterpiece", as well as for featuring the concert favourite "Life Is a Carnival". The inclusion of "When I Paint My Masterpiece" came about when Dylan stopped by Robertson's home during the recording of Cahoots and Robertson asked if he might have any songs to contribute. That led to Dylan playing an unfinished version of "When I Paint My Masterpiece" for him. Dylan soon completed the song and the Band recorded it for the album. "Life Is a Carnival" features horn parts written by producer and arranger Allen Toussaint. It was the only track from Cahoots the Band kept in their set list through to The Last Waltz concert and film.<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp
The Band continued to tour throughout 1970–71.<ref name=band_concerts/> A live album recorded at a series of shows at the Academy of Music in New York City between December 28–31, 1971,<ref name=band_concerts/> was released in 1972 as the double album Rock Of Ages.<ref name="bowman_band_bio_8">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Rock of Ages peaked at No. 6, and remained in the Top 40 for 14 weeks.<ref name=billboard_book/>Template:Rp
After the Academy of Music shows, the Band again retreated from performing live. They returned to the stage on July 28, 1973,<ref name=band_concerts/> to play the Summer Jam at Watkins Glen alongside the Allman Brothers Band and the Grateful Dead. A recording of the Band's performance was released by Capitol Records as the album Live at Watkins Glen in 1995.<ref name="watkins_glen_album">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> With over 600,000 people in attendance,<ref name="noise_addicts_record_concerts">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the festival set a record for "Pop Festival Attendance" in the Guinness Book of World Records. The record was first published in the 1976 edition of the book.<ref name="gbowr_1976">Template:Cite book</ref> In October 1973, the Band released an album of cover songs entitled Moondog Matinee,<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp<ref name=bowman_band_bio_8/> which peaked at No. 28 on the Billboard charts.<ref name=billboard_book/>Template:Rp Around the time of the recording of Moondog Matinee, Robertson began working on an ambitious project entitled Works that was never finished or released. One lyric from the Works project, "Lay a flower in the snow", was used in Robertson's song "Fallen Angel", which appeared on his 1987 self-titled solo album.<ref name=bowman_band_bio_8/>
1974: Reunion with Bob DylanEdit
In February 1973,<ref name="bjorner_1973">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp Bob Dylan relocated from Woodstock, New York to Malibu, California.<ref name=Marty>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Coincidentally, Robertson moved to Malibu in the summer of 1973, and by October of the year the rest of the members of the Band had followed suit, moving into properties near Zuma Beach.Template:Citation needed
David Geffen had signed Dylan to Asylum Records, and worked with promoter Bill Graham on the concept that became the Bob Dylan and the Band 1974 Tour. It was his first tour in over seven years.Template:Citation needed
Meanwhile, Bill Graham took out a full-page advertisement for the Bob Dylan and the Band tour in The New York Times. The response was one of the largest in entertainment history up to that point, with between 5 and 6 million requests for tickets mailed in for 650,000 seats. Graham's office ended up selling tickets off on a lottery basis, and Dylan and the Band netted $2 million from the deal.<ref name=whispering_pines/>Template:Rp<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp
Among the rehearsals and preparations, the Band went into the studio with Bob Dylan to record a new album for Asylum Records, Planet Waves (1974). Sessions took place at Village Recorder in West Los Angeles, California, from November 2–14, 1973.<ref name="bjorner_sessions_1973">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Planet Waves was released on February 9, 1974. The album was No. 1 on the Billboard album charts for four weeks, and spent 12 weeks total in the Billboard Top 40.<ref name=billboard_book/>Template:Rp Planet Waves was Bob Dylan's first No. 1 album,<ref name="indiewire_2014">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the first and only time Bob Dylan and the Band recorded a studio album together.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp
The 1974 tour began at the Chicago Stadium on January 3, 1974, and ended at The Forum in Inglewood, California on February 14.<ref name="bjorner_tour_1974">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The shows began with more songs from the new Planet Waves album and with covers that Dylan and the Band liked, but as the tour went on, they moved toward playing older and more familiar material, only keeping "Forever Young" from the Planet Waves album in the set list.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Dylan and the Band played a number of tracks from the controversial 1965–1966 World Tour, this time to wildly enthusiastic response from the audience where there had been mixed reaction and boos nine years previously.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp
The final three shows of the tour at The Forum in Inglewood, California were recorded and assembled into the double album Before the Flood.<ref name=bjorner_tour_1974/> Credited to "Bob Dylan/The Band", Before the Flood was released by Asylum Records on July 20, 1974. The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard charts, and spent ten weeks in the Top Forty.<ref name=billboard_book/>Template:Rp
1974–1975: Shangri-La StudiosEdit
Following the 1974 reunion tour with Bob Dylan, rock manager Elliot Roberts booked the Band with the recently reunited Crosby, Stills, Nash, and Young.<ref name=band_concerts/> On September 4, both artists played Wembley Stadium in London, appearing with Jesse Colin Young and Joni Mitchell.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp<ref name="the_archive_festivals">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
After moving to Malibu in 1973, Robertson and the Band had discovered a ranch in Malibu near Zuma Beach called "Shangri-La", and decided to lease the property. The main house on the property had originally been built by Lost Horizon (1937) actress Margo Albert,<ref name="star_tribune_shangri-la">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=web }}</ref> and the ranch had been the filming and stabling site for the Mister Ed television show in the 1960s. In the interim, the house had served as a high-class bordello.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The album release of The Basement Tapes, credited to Bob Dylan and the Band, was the first album production that took place in the new studio. The album, produced by Robertson, featured a selection of tapes from the original 1967 Basement Tapes sessions with Dylan, as well as demos for tracks eventually recorded for the Music From Big Pink album. Robertson cleaned up the tracks, and the album was released in July 1975.<ref name=whispering_pines/>Template:Rp<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp
Shangri-La Studios proved to be a return to a clubhouse atmosphere that the Band had enjoyed previously at Big Pink, and in the spring of 1975, the group began work on Northern Lights – Southern Cross, their first release of original material in four years.Template:Citation needed One of the best known tracks on the album is "Acadian Driftwood", the first song with specifically Canadian subject material. Robertson was inspired to write "Acadian Driftwood" after seeing the documentary L'Acadie, l'Acadie (1971) on Canadian television while in Montreal.<ref name=whispering_pines/>Template:Rp<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp Two other notable tracks from that album are "It Makes No Difference" and "Ophelia".Template:Citation needed
Northern Lights – Southern Cross was released on November 1, 1975. The album received generally positive reviews,<ref name=whispering_pines/>Template:Rp and reached No. 26 on the Billboard charts, remaining on the Top 40 for five weeks.<ref name=billboard_book/>Template:Rp<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
1976–1978: The Last WaltzEdit
The Band began touring again in June 1976, performing throughout the summer.<ref name=band_concerts/> The members of the Band were splintering off to work on other projects, with Levon Helm building a studio in Woodstock and Rick Danko having been contracted to Arista Records as a solo artist.<ref name="rs_last_waltz_1976">Template:Cite magazine</ref> While on the summer tour, member Richard Manuel severely injured his neck in a boating accident, so ten dates were cancelled.<ref name=whispering_pines/>Template:Rp<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp During this time, Robertson suggested the Band cease to tour. He said they agreed on a "grand finale" show, part ways to work on their various projects, then regroup.<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp<ref name="nyt_11-27-76">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="geo_stroum_intv_2011_1">Template:Cite interview</ref> Helm later made the case in his autobiography, This Wheel's on Fire, that Robertson had forced the Band's breakup on the rest of the group.<ref>Levon Helm and Stephen Davis. This Wheel's on Fire: Levon Helm and the Story of the Band, Chapter Nine: The Last Waltz</ref>
Concert promoter Bill Graham booked the Band at the Winterland Ballroom on American Thanksgiving, November 25, 1976. The Last Waltz was a gala event, with ticket prices of $25 per person. It included a Thanksgiving dinner served to the audience, and featured the Band performing with various musical guests.<ref name=rs_last_waltz_1976/> The onstage guest list included Ronnie Hawkins, Muddy Waters, Paul Butterfield, Dr. John, Bob Dylan, Eric Clapton, Van Morrison, Neil Diamond, Joni Mitchell, Neil Young, Emmylou Harris, and others.<ref name="sf_gate">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Robertson wanted to document the event on film, and approached director Martin Scorsese to see if he was interested in shooting the concert.<ref name="rs_last_waltz_1978">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="cbc_intv_1978">Template:Cite interview</ref><ref name="scorsese_on_scorsese">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp They developed a 200-page script for the show, listing out in columns the lyrics of the songs, who was singing what part, and what instruments were being featured. It included columns for the camera and lighting work.<ref name=cbc_intv_1978/>
Scorsese brought in all-star cameramen such as Michael Chapman, László Kovács, and Vilmos Zsigmond to film the show in 35mm.<ref name=rs_last_waltz_1978/><ref name=cbc_intv_1978/> John Simon, producer on the Band's first two albums, was brought in to coordinate rehearsals and work as musical director.<ref name="something_else_john_simen">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Boris Leven was brought in as art director. Jonathan Taplin assumed the role of executive producer, and Robertson worked as producer of the film.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp Rehearsals for The Last Waltz concert began in early November. Warner Bros. Records president Mo Ostin offered to fund its filming in exchange for the right to release its music on an album. The Band were contractually obligated to supply Capitol Records with one more album before they could be released to work with Warner Bros. So in between rehearsing, they worked on the studio album Islands for Capitol. Robertson wrote or co-wrote eight of the ten tracks. One of the songs, "Knockin' Lost John", features Robertson on vocals, and was the first Band song Robertson had sung on since "To Kingdom Come" from Music From Big Pink. "Christmas Must Be Tonight" was inspired by the birth of Robertson's son, Sebastian, in July 1974.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp
Approximately 5,000 people attended the concert.<ref name="time_12-6-76">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The event began at 5 pm, beginning with the audience members being served a full traditional Thanksgiving meal at candlelit tables, with a vegetarian table serving an alternate menu as an option. The Berkeley Promenade Orchestra played waltz music for dancing afterward. The tables were cleared and moved at 8 pm. At 9 pm, the Band played songs for an hour, beginning with "Up On Cripple Creek". Just after 10 pm, Robertson introduced Ronnie Hawkins, the first onstage guest, with a succession of guest stars appearing with the group until just after midnight.
The group took a 30-minute break, during which several Bay Area poets, including Lawrence Ferlinghetti,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Diane di Prima,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Michael McClure<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> performed readings of their poems. After the break, the Band returned to the stage, performing, among other songs, a new composition entitled "The Last Waltz Theme" that Robertson had just completed less than 48 hours prior. Bob Dylan was brought in at the end of this second set, performing several songs, and finally being joined with the other guest stars for a finale performance of "I Shall Be Released". This was then followed with two all-star jam sessions, after which the Band returned to the stage to close the show with one more song, their rendition of "Baby Don't You Do It".<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp<ref name=nyt_11-27-76/>
After The Last Waltz concert event was finished, director Martin Scorsese had 400 reels of raw footage to work with,<ref name=time_12-6-76/> and began editing the footage. The film was then sold to United Artists. In the meantime, Robertson and Scorsese continued to brainstorm more ideas for the film. In April 1977, country singer Emmylou Harris and gospel vocal group the Staple Singers were filmed on a sound stage at MGM performing with the Band. Emmylou Harris performed on "Evangeline", a new song written by Robertson, and the Staples Singers performed on a new recording of "The Weight", which they already recorded in 1968.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp<ref name=band_box_2005/>Template:Rp<ref name=scorsese_on_scorsese/>Template:Rp Scorsese's next idea was to intersperse the concert footage with interviews of the Band that told their story. Scorsese conducted the interviews.Template:Citation needed The Last Waltz album was released by Warner Brothers Records on April 7, 1978, as a 3-LP set.<ref name="allmusic_last_waltz">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The first five sides feature live performances from the concert, and the last side contains studio recordings from the MGM sound stage sessions, including Out of the Blue, which would be released as a single and which is the third and last Band song on which Robbie sings lead.<ref name="bowman_band_bio_9">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The album peaked at No. 16 on the Billboard charts, and remained in the Top 40 for 8 weeks.<ref name=billboard_book/>Template:Rp
The Last Waltz was released to movie theatres on April 26, 1978.<ref name="nyt_4-26-78">Template:Cite news</ref> The film fared well with both rock and film critics. Robertson and Scorsese made appearances throughout America and Europe to promote the film.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp Over time, The Last Waltz has become lauded by many as an important and pioneering rockumentary. Its influence has been felt on subsequent rock music films such as Talking Heads' Stop Making Sense (1984), and U2's Rattle and Hum (1988).<ref name="film_quarterly">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
In his mixed review Roger Ebert wrote, "In The Last Waltz, we have musicians who seem to have bad memories. Who are hanging on. Scorsese's direction is mostly limited to closeups and medium shots of performances; he ignores the audience. The movie was made at the end of a difficult period in his own life, and at a particularly hard time (the filming coincided with his work on New York, New York). This is not a record of serene men, filled with nostalgia, happy to be among friends."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Work outside of the Band (1970–1977)Edit
Robertson produced Jesse Winchester's debut self-titled album, which was released in 1970 on Ampex Records.<ref name="rs_jw_obituary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The album features Robertson playing guitar throughout the album, and co-credits the track "Snow" to Robertson as well.<ref name="jw_st">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Robertson played guitar on ex-Beatle Ringo Starr's third solo album, Ringo (1973), performing with four-fifths of the Band on the track "Sunshine Life For Me (Sail Away Raymond)".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="rs_ringo">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Robertson contributed a guitar solo on the track "Snookeroo" on Starr's fourth album, Goodnight Vienna (1974).<ref name="rs_goodnight_vienna">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Robertson played guitar for Joni Mitchell on the track "Raised on Robbery", which was released on her album Court and Spark. In 1974, Robertson also played guitar on Carly Simon's version of "Mockingbird", which featured Simon singing with her then-husband James Taylor.<ref name="scott_cahill">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1975, Robertson produced and played guitar on singer/guitarist Hirth Martinez's debut album Hirth From Earth. Bob Dylan had heard Martinez, and recommended him to Robertson. Robertson identified strongly with Martinez' music, helped him to secure a recording contract with Warner Bros. Records, and agreed to produce Martinez' debut album. He also played guitar on Martinez' follow-up album, Big Bright Street (1977).<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp<ref name="hm_obituary">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="hm_hirth_from_earth">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="hirth_martinez_mark_guerrero">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1975, Eric Clapton recorded the album No Reason to Cry at the Band's Shangri-La Studios with help from members of the Band.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp Robertson played lead guitar on the track "Sign Language".<ref name="ec_no_reason_to_cry">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In the mid-1970s, Robertson connected with singer Neil Diamond, and the two began collaborating on a concept album about the life and struggles of a Tin Pan Alley songwriter. The resulting album, entitled Beautiful Noise, was recorded at Shangri-La Studios in early 1976. It reached No. 6 on the Billboard charts and remained in the Top 40 for sixteen weeks. Robertson produced the album, co-wrote the track "Dry Your Eyes" with Diamond, and played guitar on "Dry Your Eyes", "Lady-Oh", and "Jungletime". He produced Diamond's live double album Love at the Greek (1977), which was recorded in 1976 at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles. Love at the Greek reached No. 8 on the Billboard charts and remained in the Top 40 for nine weeks.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp<ref name=billboard_book/>Template:Rp<ref name="neil_diamond_book">Template:Cite book</ref>
In 1977, Robertson contributed to two album projects from the Band alumni. Robertson played guitar on "Java Blues" on Rick Danko's self-titled debut album, and also played guitar on the Earl King-penned "Sing, Sing, Sing" on the album Levon Helm & the RCO All-Stars.<ref name=levon_helm_book/>Template:Rp<ref name="lh_rco_all-stars">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Also in 1977, Robertson contributed to the second self-titled album by singer-songwriter Libby Titus, who was the former girlfriend of Levon Helm.<ref name=levon_helm_book/>Template:Rp Robertson produced the track "The Night You Took Me To Barbados In My Dreams" (co-written by Titus and Hirth Martinez), and produced and played guitar on the Cole Porter standard "Miss Otis Regrets".<ref name="libby_titus_1977">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Film career (1980–2023)Edit
CarnyEdit
After the release of The Last Waltz, MGM/UA, who released the film, viewed Robertson as a potential film actor, and provided Robertson with an office on the MGM lot.<ref name=rs_rr_intv_1987/><ref name="rs_young_hawks_1978">Template:Cite magazine</ref> During this time, Martin Scorsese's agent, Harry Ulfand, contacted Robertson about the idea of producing a dramatic film about traveling carnivals, which Robertson was drawn to because of his childhood experiences working in carnivals. The screenplay for the film Carny was directed by documentary filmmaker Robert Kaylor.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Although Robertson was initially only intended to be the producer of Carny, he ended up becoming the third lead actor in the film, playing the role of Patch, the patch man. Gary Busey played "Frankie", the carnival bozo and Patch's best friend. Jodie Foster was selected to play the role of Donna, a small town girl who runs away to join the carnival and threatens to come between the two friends. The film cast real life carnies alongside professional film actors, which created a difficult atmosphere on set.<ref name=carny_ost_notes/><ref name="rs_carny_1980">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Carny opened to theaters on June 13, 1980.<ref name="nyt_6-13-80">Template:Cite news</ref> Also in 1980, Warner Bros released a soundtrack album for Carny, which is co-credited to Robertson and composer Alex North, who wrote the orchestral score for the film. The soundtrack was re-released on compact disc by Real Gone Music in 2015.<ref name=carny_ost_notes/>
Collaborations with Martin ScorseseEdit
After the production of Carny was completed, Robertson flew to New York to assist Martin Scorsese on the music for the film Raging Bull (1980).<ref name="carny_ost_notes" /> Robertson and Scorsese would go on to have a long working relationship. The former found or created music to underscore the latter's films. Raging Bull was the first, and Robertson credited his work on it for sparking his interest in sourcing and underscoring film music.<ref name="taxi_3" /><ref name="kcrw_rr_and_ms">Template:Cite interview</ref> Robertson supplied three newly recorded instrumental jazz tracks for sourced music, which he also produced. These three tracks feature Robertson playing guitar, along with performances from the Band alumni Garth Hudson and Richard Manuel. One of the tracks, "Webster Hall", is co-written by Robertson and Garth Hudson.<ref name="band_raging_bull">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Robertson also worked with Scorsese on selecting the film's opening theme music, choosing the intermezzo from Cavalleria Rusticana by Italian opera composer Pietro Mascagni.<ref name="taxi_3" /> The soundtrack was finally released by Capitol Records in 2005 as a 37 track, 2-CD set.<ref name="band_raging_bull" />
Robertson worked with Scorsese again on his next film, The King of Comedy (1983), and is credited in the film's opening credits for "Music Production".<ref name="koc_opening_credits">Template:Cite AV media</ref> Robertson contributed one original song, "Between Trains", to the film's soundtrack. The song was written in tribute to "Cowboy" Dan Johnson, an assistant of Scorsese's who had recently died.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp Robertson produced the track, sang lead vocals, and played guitar and keyboards; the Band alumni Garth Hudson and Richard Manuel appeared on the track as well. A soundtrack album for the film was released by Warner Bros. in 1983.Template:Citation needed
In June 1986, Robertson began working with Scorsese on his next film The Color of Money.<ref name="musician_9-87">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In addition to sourcing music for the film, Robertson also composed the film's score;<ref name="com_opening_credits">Template:Cite AV media</ref> it was the first time Robertson had ever written a dramatic underscore for a film.<ref name="rr_87_cr">Template:Cite AV media</ref> Robertson brought in Canadian jazz composer Gil Evans to orchestrate the arrangements.<ref name="gil_evans_book">Template:Cite book</ref> The best known song on The Color of Money soundtrack is Eric Clapton's "It's in the Way That You Use It", which was co-written by Robertson. "It's in the Way That You Use It" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs chart in January 1987.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Robertson produced a song for the film with blues player Willie Dixon<ref name="willie_dixon_book">Template:Cite book</ref> entitled "Don't Tell Me Nothin'"; Dixon's track was co-written with Robertson. The Color of Money's soundtrack album was released by MCA Records.
Robertson worked on Scorsese's films Casino and Gangs of New York, and he provided music supervision for Shutter Island, The Wolf of Wall Street, and Silence.Template:Citation needed He scored 2019's The Irishman and consulted with music supervisor Randall Poster on the entire soundtrack.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He scored Scorsese's Killers of the Flower Moon shortly before his death.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The film is dedicated to Robertson.<ref name=":4">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He received a posthumous Academy Award nomination for his work on the film.<ref name=":5">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Solo careerEdit
Geffen Records period (1987–1991)Edit
Robbie Robertson (1987)
Robertson began work on his first solo album, Robbie Robertson, in July 1986 after signing to Geffen Records. Robertson chose fellow Canadian Daniel Lanois to produce the album. Much of the album was recorded at The Village Recorder in West Los Angeles, California. He recorded at Bearsville Studios near Woodstock, New York, and also in Dublin, Ireland, with U2, and in Bath, England, with Peter Gabriel. He employed a number of guest artists on the album, including U2, Gabriel, the Bodeans, and Maria McKee.<ref name=musician_9-87/><ref name=rr_87_cr/> Garth Hudson and Rick Danko also made appearances on the album. Robertson wrote one track, "Fallen Angel", in honor of Richard Manuel,<ref name=rr_87_cr/> after his death in March 1986.<ref name=band_bio/>Template:Rp Released on October 26, 1987,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Robbie Robertson peaked at No. 35 on the Billboard 200, remaining on the top 40 for three weeks.<ref name=billboard_book/>Template:Rp The album charted even higher in the UK, peaking at No. 23 on the UK Albums Chart and remaining on the chart for 14 weeks.<ref name="official_charts_rr">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Robbie Robertson received overwhelming critical acclaim at the time of its release,<ref name=gq_10-91/> being listed in the Top-Ten Albums of the Year by several critics in Billboard magazine's 1987 "The Critics' Choice" end of the year feature.<ref name="billboard_12-26-87">Template:Cite magazine</ref> The album was No. 77 in Rolling Stone's 1989 list, "100 Best Albums of the Eighties".<ref name="rr_rs_best_80s_77">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Robertson had his single largest hit in the UK with "Somewhere Down the Crazy River", which features his spoken word verses contrasted with singing in the choruses.<ref name=rr_87_cr/> The song reached No. 15 in the UK Hit Singles chart, and remained in the chart for 11 weeks.<ref name=official_charts_rr/> The video for "Somewhere Down The Crazy River" was directed by Martin Scorsese, and features Maria McKee in an acting role.<ref name="scorsese_virgin_film">Template:Cite book</ref> In the U.S., Robbie Robertson produced several hits on the Billboard Mainstream Rock charts, with "Showdown At Big Sky" coming in the highest (#2) and "Sweet Fire Of Love" the second highest (#7).<ref name="rr_billboard_msr">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The album was nominated for a Grammy Award for "Best Rock / Vocal Album",<ref name="en_native_music">Template:Cite book</ref> and was certified gold in the United States in 1991.<ref name="gq_10-91">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In Canada, Robertson won Album of the Year, Best Male Vocalist of the Year, and Producer of the Year at the Juno Award ceremony in 1989.<ref name="junoawards.ca">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 1991, Rod Stewart recorded a version of "Broken Arrow" for his album Vagabond Heart.<ref name="allmusic_rs_vh">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Stewart's version of the song reached No. 20 on the Billboard 100 chart in the United States<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and No. 2 on the Billboard Top Canadian Hit Singles chart in Canada.<ref name="ml_ca_rod_stewart">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> "Broken Arrow" was also performed live by the Grateful Dead with Phil Lesh on vocals.<ref name="gm_fam_disc_ba">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Storyville (1991)
Storyville was released on September 30, 1991.<ref name="deriso_storyville">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Robertson headed to New Orleans to collaborate with some of the city's natives like Aaron and Ivan Neville and the Rebirth Brass Band. Once again, Robertson brought in Band alumni Garth Hudson and Rick Danko as contributors.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The album reached No. 69 on the Billboard 200 chart.<ref name="rr_billboard_200">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Storyville received numerous positive reviews, with Rolling Stone giving it 4 1/2 stars out of 5,<ref name="rs_10-31-91">Template:Cite magazine</ref> and the Los Angeles Times awarding it 3 stars out of 4.<ref name="latimes_9-29-91">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Two tracks from the album, "What About Now" and "Go Back To Your Woods", charted on the Billboard Mainstream Rock charts at No. 15 and No. 32 respectively.<ref name=rr_billboard_msr/> The album was nominated for Grammy Awards in the categories "Best Rock Vocal Performance (solo)" and "Best Engineer".<ref name=en_native_music/>
Production and session work (1984–1992)Edit
Robertson co-produced the track "The Best of Everything", which was originally intended for the film The King of Comedy but instead was included on the Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers album Southern Accents.<ref name="Billboard30 March 1985">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Robertson also worked on the horn arrangements for the track, and brought in Band alumni Richard Manuel and Garth Hudson as guests.<ref name="uncut_tp_sa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="ucr_tp_sa">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1986, Robertson appeared as a guest on the album Reconciled by the Call, playing guitar on the track "The Morning".<ref name="connolly_call">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Also in 1986, Robertson was brought on as creative consultant for Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll (1987), a feature film saluting Chuck Berry.<ref name="geo_stroum_intv_2013">Template:Cite interview</ref> Robertson appears on camera, interviewing Chuck Berry, and then playing guitar while Berry recites poetry.<ref name="cb_60_ann">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1988, Robertson collaborated as a songwriter with Lone Justice lead singer Maria McKee. One of the songs they co-wrote, "Nobody's Child", was released on McKee's self-titled debut album in 1989.<ref name="rs_3-24-88">Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="band_m_mckee">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 1989, Robertson recorded and produced a new version of the Band's "Christmas Must Be Tonight" for the Scrooged soundtrack. In 1990, Robertson appeared as a guest on the Ryuichi Sakamoto album Beauty, playing guitar on the song "Romance". He also contributed to the world music video and album production One World One Voice.Template:Citation needed
In 1992, Robertson produced the song "Love in Time" for Roy Orbison's posthumous album King of Hearts. "Love In Time" was a basic demo Orbison had recorded that was believed to be lost, but had just recently been rediscovered. Robertson set about augmenting Orbison's basic vocal track with new arrangements and instrumentation, with the intent of making it sound like the arrangements were there from the beginning instead of later additions.<ref name="abc_in_concert">Template:Cite AV media</ref>
Later solo albums (1994–2019)Edit
Music for the Native Americans (1994)
In 1994, Robertson returned to his roots, forming a First Nations group called the Red Road Ensemble for Music for the Native Americans, a collection of songs that accompanied a television documentary series produced by TBS. Like his songs, "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down" and "Acadian Driftwood", he touched on history that connects to his life and family. The Battle of Wounded Knee and the near-extinction of the bison are outlined in the song "Ghost Dance".<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He won a Juno Award for Producer of the Year.<ref name="junoawards.ca"/> The international success of "Mahk Jchi (Heartbeat Drum Song)" inspired a concert in Agrigento, Italy. He headlined the festival of Indigenous musicians and portions appeared in a PBS documentary.Template:Citation needed
Contact from the Underworld of Redboy (1998)
On Contact from the Underworld of Redboy, Robertson departed from his typical production style and delved deep into a mix of rock, native, and electronic music. He employed the services of Howie B, DJ Premier, and producer Marius de Vries (Björk, Massive Attack). Through the songs on the album, he took a close look at native traditions like Peyote healing of the Native American Church.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> The album's opening track, "The Sound Is Fading", samples a recording of a young Native American singer from the 1940s that Robertson got from the Library Of Congress, and the song "Sacrifice" includes parts of an interview from prison with Leonard Peltier set to a soundscape produced by Robertson and de Vries. The racial epithet in the album's title comes from an experience Robertson had where some bullies referred to him as "Red Boy" while he was playing with his cousins.Template:Citation needed Rolling Stone gave the album 4 out of 5 stars,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and Robertson received a Juno Award for Best Music of Aboriginal Canada Recording.<ref name="junoawards.ca"/>
How to Become Clairvoyant (2011)
Released on April 5, 2011, How to Become Clairvoyant was Robertson's fifth solo release. It arose from impromptu demo sessions in Los Angeles with Eric Clapton<ref>"The Robbie Robertson interview: New solo album, the Band, Levon Helm, Eric Clapton and more". Mass Live – blog Kevin O'Hare, on April 01, 2011</ref> and features him, Steve Winwood, Trent Reznor, Tom Morello, Robert Randolph, Rocco Deluca, Angela McCluskey, and Taylor Goldsmith of Dawes. Robertson performed "He Don't Live Here No More" on Late Show with David Letterman and Later... with Jools Holland, then "Straight Down The Line" with Robert Randolph and the Roots on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> How to Become Clairvoyant was also released as a deluxe edition containing five bonus tracks (four demos and the exclusive track "Houdini", named after the magician Harry Houdini). It debuted at No. 13 on the Billboard 200, marking the highest debut and highest chart position for his solo work. He teamed with painter and photographer Richard Prince to produce a limited collector's edition. The 2,500 LP-sized boxes came with an art book, a numbered set of five lithographs (including pieces by Prince and photographer Anton Corbijn), a set of original tarot cards, the original tracks, and ten bonuses.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Sinematic (2019)
Released on September 20, 2019, Sinematic was Robertson's sixth solo album. It features Van Morrison joining Robertson as dueling hitmen on the track "I Hear You Paint Houses", as well as other allusions to the world of Scorsese's films. Citizen Cope, Derek Trucks, and Frédéric Yonnet make guest appearances on the album.<ref name="Sinematic RS">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Other workEdit
Template:More citations needed section
In Rome, he headlined the 1995 annual Labour Day concert festival with supporting acts Andrea Bocelli, Elvis Costello, and Radiohead.Template:Citation needed
In 1996, as executive soundtrack producer, Robertson heard a demo of "Change the World" and sent it to Clapton as a suggestion for the soundtrack of Phenomenon, starring John Travolta. Babyface produced the track. Change the World won 1997 Grammy Awards for Song of the Year and Record of the Year. In 1999, Robertson contributed songs to Oliver Stone's film, Any Given Sunday.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2000, David Geffen and Mo Ostin convinced Robertson to join DreamWorks Records as a creative executive. Robertson, who persuaded Nelly Furtado to sign with the company, was actively involved with film projects and developing new artist talent, including signings of A.i., Boomkat, eastmountainsouth, and Dana Glover. On February 9, 2002, Robertson performed "Stomp Dance (Unity)" as part of the opening ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympic Games in Salt Lake City, Utah. In 2004, he contributed the song "Shine Your Light" to the Ladder 49 soundtrack.Template:Citation needed
In 2005, Robertson was executive producer of the definitive box set for the Band, entitled A Musical History. In 2006, he recorded with Jerry Lee Lewis on the track "Twilight", a Robertson composition, for Lewis' album Last Man Standing.Template:Citation needed On July 28, 2007, at Eric Clapton's Crossroads Guitar Festival in Bridgeview, Illinois, Robertson made a rare live appearance. Also in 2007, Robertson accepted an invitation to participate in Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino (Vanguard). With the group Galactic, Robertson contributed a version of Domino's "Goin' to the River".Template:Citation needed
In November 2024, Robertson postumously appeared in the documentary Return of the King: The Fall and Rise of Elvis Presley.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Personal lifeEdit
On March 24, 1968, Robertson married Dominique Bourgeois, a Canadian journalist.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Dominique filed for divorce in 1977 during a brief separation, but the divorce was never finalized and they remained married until 2003.Template:Cn They had three children: two daughters, and son Sebastian.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Robertson married his girlfriend of four years, Canadian entrepreneur, restaurateur, and Top Chef Canada judge Janet Zuccarini, on March 12, 2023, which was shared on her Instagram account.<ref>Template:Cite instagram</ref>
Robertson was a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Death and tributesEdit
Robertson died in Los Angeles on August 9, 2023, at the age of 80, after a year-long battle with prostate cancer. His manager, Jared Levine, reported that Robertson "was surrounded by his family at the time of his death," including both Janet Zuccarini and Dominique Robertson, and asked for donations to the Six Nations of the Grand River in lieu of flowers.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In November 2023, director Martin Scorsese held a tribute concert for Robertson in Los Angeles. Notable guests in attendance were Joni Mitchell, Leonardo DiCaprio, and Lily Gladstone.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In May 2024, Robertson's three adult children sued his wife Janet Zuccarini, with claims of elder abuse and that she "took advantage of the musician’s declining health to have him sign documents that would favor her in the event of his death."<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In October 2024, another tribute concert with Scorsese's involvement was held at the Kia Forum, which featured Bob Weir, Eric Clapton, Mavis Staples among others.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
CreditsEdit
DiscographyEdit
- Robbie Robertson (1987)
- Storyville (1991)
- Music for the Native Americans (soundtrack) (1994)
- Contact from the Underworld of Redboy (1998)
- How to Become Clairvoyant (2011)
- Sinematic (2019)
FilmographyEdit
| Year | Title | Role(s) | Notes | Template:Abbr | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1972 | Eat the Document | Performer | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
| 1978 | The Last Waltz | Performer/producer | Directed by Martin Scorsese | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |
| 1980 | Carny | Actor/writer/producer/composer | <ref name=":0" /> | |||
| 1980 | Raging Bull | Music consultant | Directed by Martin Scorsese | <ref name=":1" /> | ||
| 1982 | The King of Comedy | Music producer/composer | Directed by Martin Scorsese | <ref name=":0" /> | ||
| 1986 | The Color of Money | Composer | Directed by Martin Scorsese | <ref name=":0" /> | ||
| 1994 | Jimmy Hollywood | Composer | <ref name=":0" /> | |||
| 1995 | Robbie Robertson: Going Home | Documentary | <ref name=":0" /> | |||
| 1995 | Casino | Music consultant | Directed by Martin Scorsese | <ref name=":0" /> | ||
| 1995 | The Crossing Guard | Actor | <ref name=":0" /> | |||
| 1996 | Phenomenon | Executive producer | <ref name=":0" /> | |||
| 1996 | Dakota Exile | Narrator | Documentary | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |
| 1999 | Forces of Nature | Creative music consultant | <ref name=":0" /> | |||
| 1999 | Wolves | Narrator | <ref name=":1" /> | |||
| 1999 | Any Given Sunday | Songs | <ref name=":0" /> | |||
| 2001 | The Life and Times | Himself | Episode: "A Portrait of Robbie Robertson" | <ref>Template:Citation</ref> | ||
| 2002 | Gangs of New York | Executive music producer | Directed by Martin Scorsese | <ref name=":0" /> | ||
| 2003 | Festival Express | Performer | <ref name=":0" /> | |||
| 2004 | Ladder 49 | Original song "Shine Your Light" | <ref>Template:Citation</ref> | |||
| 2007 | Eric Clapton: Crossroads Guitar Festival 2007 | Performer | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |
CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |
| 2010 | Shutter Island | Music supervisor | Directed by Martin Scorsese | <ref name=":0" /> | ||
| 2012 | Curse of the Axe | Narrator | Documentary | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |
| 2013 | Eric Clapton: Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 | Performer | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
| 2013 | The Wolf of Wall Street | Executive music producer | Directed by Martin Scorsese | <ref name=":2" /> | ||
| 2016 | Silence | Executive music producer | Directed by Martin Scorsese | <ref name=":0" /> | ||
| 2017 | Rumble: The Indians Who Rocked the World | Performer | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | ||
| 2018–23 | Native America | Narrator | TV documentary series | <ref name=":1" /> | ||
| 2019 | The Irishman | Executive producer / composer | Directed by Martin Scorsese | citation | CitationClass=web
}}</ref> | |
| 2019 | Once Were Brothers: Robbie Robertson and the Band | Himself | <ref name=":1" /> | |||
| 2023 | Killers of the Flower Moon | Composer | Directed by Martin Scorsese; posthumous release | <ref name=":1" /> | ||
| 2024 | Return of the King: The Fall and Rise of Elvis Presley | Himself | Documentary; posthumous release | <ref>Template:Cite news</ref> |
Honours and awardsEdit
In 1989, the Band was inducted into the Canadian Juno Hall of Fame. In 1994, The Band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.<ref name=CWoF/> In 1997, Robertson received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the National Academy of Songwriters. At the 2003 commencement ceremonies at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Robertson delivered an address to the graduating class and was awarded an honorary degree by the university. In 2003, Robertson received the Indspire Aboriginal Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2003, Robertson was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
In 2005, Robertson received an honorary doctorate from York University.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2006, he received the Governor General's Performing Arts Award for Lifetime Artistic Achievement, Canada's highest honour in the performing arts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2008, Robertson and the Band received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref name=CWoF/> In 2011, Robertson was inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> On May 27, 2011, Robertson was made an Officer of the Order of Canada by Governor General David Johnston.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2014, the Band was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame.<ref name=CWoF>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
On October 14, 2017, Robertson received the first Lifetime Achievement Award from the community of Six Nations.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2019, Robertson was given a key to the city of Toronto by Mayor John Tory during a TIFF press conference for Once Were Brothers: Robbie Robertson and The Band, a documentary about Robertson.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In 2019, Robertson was the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award in the Canadian Music Industry Hall of Fame from Canadian Music Week (CMW).<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
BibliographyEdit
Robertson co-authored Legends, Icons and Rebels: Music That Changed the World with his son, Sebastian Robertson, and colleagues Jim Guerinot and Jared Levine.<ref group=book>Template:Cite book</ref> He also wrote Hiawatha and the Peacemaker, illustrated by David Shannon.<ref group=book>Template:Cite book</ref> His autobiography, Testimony, written over the course of five years, was published by Crown Archetype in November 2016.<ref group=book>Template:Cite book</ref>
In April 2025, Penguin Random House Canada publishers announced that a second volume of Robertson's memoirs, focused on his working relationship with Martin Scorsese, would be published in November 2025.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
Further readingEdit
External linksEdit
- [https://www.imdb.com/{{#if: 0005371
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- {{#if:Robbie Robertson|Template:PAGENAMEBASE discography at Discogs|{{#if:Template:Wikidata|Template:Wikidata Template:PAGENAMEBASE discography at DiscogsTemplate:EditAtWikidata|Template:PAGENAMEBASE discography at Discogs}}}}
- Article at thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
- Article at canadianbands.com
- Robbie Robertson Interview at NAMM Oral History Collection (2017)
Template:Robbie Robertson Template:Navboxes Template:The Band