Robin Hobb

Margaret Astrid Lindholm Ogden (Template:Nee; born March 5, 1952), known by her pen names Robin Hobb and Megan Lindholm, is an American writer of speculative fiction. As Hobb, she is best known for her fantasy novels set in the Realm of the Elderlings, which comprise the Farseer, Liveship Traders and Tawny Man trilogies, the Rain Wild Chronicles, and the Fitz and the Fool trilogy. Lindholm's writing includes the urban fantasy novel Wizard of the Pigeons and science fiction short stories, among other works. Template:As of, her fiction has been translated into 22 languages and sold more than 4 million copies.<ref name=le-monde-2018/>

Born in California, Lindholm grew up in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest and married a mariner at age 18. The Alaskan wilderness and the ocean were prominent aspects of her life, influencing her writing. After an early career in short fiction, at age 30, Lindholm published her first novel while working as a waitress and raising children. The first work to bring her recognition was the 1986 novel Wizard of the Pigeons, a liminal fantasy set in Seattle. A forerunner of the urban fantasy genre, it received praise for Lindholm's depiction of understated magic and poverty. Her science fiction novella "A Touch of Lavender" was nominated for the Hugo and Nebula Awards. While critically well received, Lindholm's work did not sell well; she began writing under the pen name Robin Hobb in 1995.

Hobb achieved commercial success with her debut work under this pseudonym, the Farseer trilogy. An epic fantasy told as a first-person retrospective, it has been described as a character-driven and introspective work. Hobb went on to write four further series set in the Realm of the Elderlings, which received praise from critics for her characterization, and in 2005 The Times described her as "one of the great modern fantasy writers".<ref name=times-2005/> Through her writing, Hobb explores otherness, ecocentrism, queerness, and gender as themes. She concluded the Elderlings series in 2017 and won the World Fantasy Award—Life Achievement in 2021.<ref name=SFE/>

Early life

Margaret Astrid Lindholm was born in Berkeley, California, in 1952;<ref name=SFE/> from the age of 10, she grew up in Fairbanks, Alaska.<ref name=le-monde-2015/><ref name=hobb-5000-words/> She recalls growing up in the middle of an oil boom in Alaska, which led to a rapid growth in population of the rural town she lived in. A shortage of classroom space caused some of her high school classes to be held in staircases. Lindholm did not like how the town's urbanization intruded on the nature trails around her house, which she had enjoyed exploring, but said her childhood was overall a happy one and described herself as more of a solitary than social child.<ref name=starlog/> Her family raised a half wolf called Bruno and hunted caribou and moose; this would later inspire the wolf character Nighteyes and the descriptions of wilderness survival in Lindholm's writing.<ref name=times-2005/><ref name=sun-herald/> After graduating from Lathrop High School, she studied at the University of Denver for a year before returning to Alaska.<ref name=stuff-nz/>

At 18, Lindholm married Fred Ogden, a merchant mariner; they had been dating for a year.<ref name=hobb-5000-words/><ref name=stuff-nz/> The couple moved to Hawaii; they lived there for more than a year, but found it too hot to acclimate to and returned to Fred's hometown of Kodiak, located at the tip of Kodiak Island in south-central Alaska.<ref name=starlog/><ref name=stuff-nz/> Margaret enjoyed journeying on Fred's ships and said the sea was a prominent aspect of her life, inspiring the maritime focus of her Liveship books.<ref name=starlog/> She published her first novel at age 30, while working as a waitress;<ref name=guardian-2017/> she balanced between writing and caring for her four children while her husband worked offshore as a commercial fisherman.<ref name=sfx-251/> The family experienced financial difficulties at the time and said their income "depended entirely on fish and editors".<ref name=herald-sun/> Margaret described her writing process as: "writing fits into odd corners. It's during the naptime, it's sitting by the bath tub writing, it's writing after the children are in bed". She also worked part-time, including in waitressing and mail delivery, early in her career.<ref name=sfx-251/>

Writing career

Hobb's work has appeared under several pen names: as M. Lindholm and Megan Lindholm from 1979, and as Robin Hobb from 1995.<ref name=lightspeed/> The change from Margaret, her first name, to Megan was due to a misunderstanding with her first editor.<ref name=lightspeed/> Megan Lindholm's writing received critical praise,Template:Sfnp including Hugo and Nebula Award nominations for her short fiction,<ref name=SFADB-Lindholm/> but did not sell well.Template:Sfnp In 1995, the author started writing in a new fantasy subgenre and deliberately chose an androgynous pen name, Robin Hobb, for her new work written as a first-person male narrator.Template:Sfnp<ref name=lightspeed/> Her writing as Hobb was commercially successful, and has appeared on New York Times bestseller lists.<ref name=nyt-2014/> She continues to write under both Hobb and Lindholm bylines.Template:Sfnp

As Megan Lindholm

Lindholm sold her first short story to a children's magazine, leading to an early career writing for children.<ref name=guardian-2017/><ref name=SFE/> Her short fiction for children appeared in magazines such as Humpty Dumpty, Jack and Jill, and Highlights for Children.<ref name=hobb-bio/> She also composed educational material, short works of fiction created to a very specific vocabulary list, which were used in SRA's programmed reading material.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

In the 1970s, Lindholm also began to write short fantasy, publishing short stories in fanzines such as Space and Time (edited by Gordon Linzner).<ref name=hobb-5000-words/> Her first professional sale as a fantasy writer was the short story "Bones for Dulath", which appeared in the 1979 Amazons! anthology, and which introduced her recurring characters Ki and Vandien.Template:Sfnp The anthology, published by DAW Books, won a World Fantasy Award for Year's Best Anthology.<ref name=SFADB-wf-1980/> A second story featuring Ki and Vandien, "The Small One," was published in Fantastic Stories in 1980.<ref name=lindholm-shorts/>

Until 1995, she continued to publish exclusively under the name Megan Lindholm.<ref name=SFE/> Her fiction under that name spans several slices of the fantasy genre, from fantasy adventure (the Ki and Vandien tales) to urban fantasy.Template:Sfnp Her 1986 novel Wizard of the Pigeons was one of the precursors of the urban fantasy genre, and was the first work to bring her wider attention.<ref name=tor-2010/><ref name=Fantasy-Encyc/>

File:Mons089 Robin Hobb.jpg

Hobb at the Trolls & Legends festival in Mons, Belgium in April 2011

Lindholm's first novel, Harpy's Flight, was published by Ace in 1983. It was the first of four novels about the characters Ki and Vandien, the last of which was published in 1989.Template:Sfnp She contributed short stories to a shared world anthology entitled Liavek from 1985 to 1988,<ref name=hobb-5000-words/> and co-wrote a novel, The Gypsy, with Steven Brust.Template:Sfnp The Gypsy was released both as a traditional paper book and as part of an enhanced multimedia CD which included the text of the novel as well as the Boiled in Lead album Songs From the Gypsy, which was considered the soundtrack to the novel<ref name="Vess2006">Template:Cite book</ref> and featured songs written by Brust and his Cats Laughing bandmate Adam Stemple which had inspired the creation of both the novel and the album.<ref name="SHInterview">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref name="stribgypsy">Template:Cite news</ref>

She has continued to publish short stories as Megan Lindholm,Template:Sfnp including an appearance in the 2013 anthology Year's Best SF 18.<ref name="yearsbest18">Template:Cite book</ref>

As Robin Hobb

Robin Hobb, a pseudonym that Lindholm has used for writing works of epic traditional fantasy, first appeared in 1995.<ref name=stuff-nz/> Her writing has mainly focused on the Realm of the Elderlings, a series of 16 books written in five parts. The series comprises four trilogies and one tetralogyTemplate:Sndthe Farseer, the Liveship Traders, the Tawny Man, the Rain Wild, and the Fitz and the FoolTemplate:Snd set in the same world.<ref name=SFE/>

Hobb's first work was the Farseer trilogy, narrated in first person by FitzChivalry Farseer, illegitimate son of a prince, and featuring an enigmatic character called the Fool.<ref name=tor-2019/> The first volume of the trilogy, Assassin's Apprentice, was published in 1995, followed by Royal Assassin in 1996 and Assassin's Quest in 1997. Hobb next wrote a nautical fantasy series, the Liveship Traders, set in a different part of the Elderlings world and featuring pirates, sea serpents, a family of traders and their living ships. The books of the trilogy, Ship of Magic, The Mad Ship and Ship of Destiny, were published between 1998 and 2000.<ref name=new-statesman/> Over the following three years, Hobb returned to the first-person narrative of Fitz in the Tawny Man trilogy, set after the events of the Liveship novels and comprising Fool's Errand, The Golden Fool, and Fool's Fate. As of 2003, Robin Hobb had sold over one million copies of her first nine novels, which formed three trilogies set in the Realm of the Elderlings.<ref name=new-statesman/><ref name=black-gate-2017/>

The three books of the Soldier Son trilogy (Shaman's Crossing, Forest Mage, and Renegade's Magic) are Hobb's only works to be set outside of the Elderlings world;Template:Sfnp the books were published between 2005 and 2009.Template:Sfnp In addition, The Inheritance, published in 2011, was a collection of short stories written both as Robin Hobb and as Megan Lindholm.<ref name=kirkus-2011/>

From 2009 to 2013, Hobb released the four novels of the Rain Wild Chronicles (Dragon Keeper, Dragon Haven, City of Dragons and Blood of Dragons). This series is set in the same world, the Realm of the Elderlings, as Hobb's earlier trilogies.<ref name=new-statesman/> In 2014, Hobb resumed the story, decades later in life, of her two most popular characters in the Fitz and the Fool trilogy,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> with its three volumes, Fool's Assassin, Fool's Quest and Assassin's Fate, published from 2014 to 2017. The last novel, Assassin's Fate, concludes not only her earlier books featuring Fitz, but also the Liveship and Rain Wild books.<ref name=guardian-2017/><ref name=tor-2019/>

In 2022, she protested against the eviction of Stéphanie Nicot from the festival Les imaginales by publishing a letter of support for Nicot with other authors among whom Floriane Soulas, Template:Interlanguage link Sylvie Lainé, Ïan Larue, Estelle Faye, Sara Doke, Sylvie Denis, Lucie Chenu, Template:Interlanguage link, Template:Interlanguage link and Template:Interlanguage link.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Style and themes

Genre and style

Hobb's writing spans the speculative fiction genre. Her most famous work, the Realm of the Elderlings,Template:Sfnp is secondary-world fantasy, with the Farseer novels narrated as first-person retrospective.Template:Sfnp This has been described as an unusual approach in fantasy, with greater focus on the characters' internal conflicts over the external.<ref name=LA-review/>Template:Sfnp Her earlier writing as Megan Lindholm comprises short-form science fiction and urban fantasy. Her 1986 novel Wizard of the Pigeons has been cited as a forerunner of the urban fantasy genre,Template:Sfnp<ref name=tor-2010/> with scholar Farah Mendlesohn describing it as liminal fantasy that pairs "plain descriptions of the fantastic [...] with baroque descriptions of the real".Template:Sfnp Hobb herself has said that she employs different voices for the two pseudonyms, with Lindholm's voice "a little more snarky, a little more sarcastic, a little less optimistic, less emotional",<ref name=guardian-2017/> and more attuned to dark, urban fantasy.<ref name=bookseller/>

Hobb's novels have sometimes been compared to fellow author George R. R. Martin, with both their best-known works published during the 1990s.<ref name=new-statesman/> While Martin and Hobb's series are considered more realistic than most epic fantasy, they differ in how they depict said realism.Template:Sfnp According to scholar Sylvia Borowska-Szerszun, Martin's work focuses on the brutality and violence of its realism, while Hobb's narrative focuses more on the individual, and is interested in exploring psychological aspects of trauma.Template:Sfnp Critic Amanda Craig describes Hobb's writing as having a Shakespearean flavor, and calls the mood "nothing like as bleak as George R R Martin's, nor as Manichean as Tolkien's, but close to Ursula Le Guin's redemptive humanism".<ref name=independent-2015/>

Literary allusions to the works of Robert Louis Stevenson and R. M. Ballantyne have been identified in Hobb's Liveship Traders series, which academics Ralph Crane and Lisa Fletcher described as an immersive portrayal of a world that is water-centric, aided by unique perspectives such as a serpent's-eye view of the ocean (the serpents view the sea as "the Plenty", while the air above is termed "the Lack").Template:Sfnp The larger map of the Realm of the Elderlings has been recognized as resembling the U.S. state of Alaska, where Hobb grew up.Template:Sfnp<ref name=lightspeed/> Scholar Geoffrey B. Elliott views the setting of the Tawny Man trilogy as drawing from the geography and indigenous culture of the Pacific Northwest, noting the glacier-filled isles and matrilineal culture of Hobb's Out Islands.Template:Sfnp

Themes

Tolerance for otherness is a theme that runs through the fantasy elements of Hobb's Elderlings series. The books feature two kinds of magic: the socially acceptable Skill, practiced by the ruling class, and the despised Wit, relegated with the lower classes.Template:Sfnp The Wit, the ability to bond with animals, is viewed as an unnatural inclination, as emasculating and shameful, with its practitioners publicly hanged and forced into hiding.Template:Sfnp Scholars have described it as an allegory for queerness and homophobia.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp The protagonist Fitz, who is both Skilled and Witted, leads conflicting identities. His bond with his Witted partner, a wolf, is portrayed as central to his life as his human relationships, but is forced to operate in secret due to social prejudice.Template:Sfnp This personal struggle, as well as the larger struggle for de-ostracization of the Witted, form a key theme of the series.Template:Sfnp

Hobb explores gender as a theme in the Liveship Traders, which focuses on the lives of three generations of women in a patriarchal society.Template:Sfnp The women of the series often defy stereotypical expectations of their femininity: Althea, a rebellious sailor who dresses as a man to work on a ship, re-kindles her sensitive side; Keffria, a submissive housewife, discovers her independence; and Ronica, a conservative, traditional matriarch adapts to social change.Template:Sfnp<ref name=strange-horizons/> The Fool, an enigmatic character whose gender identity shifts through the series, appears as a young woman in some sections and as a man in others.Template:Sfnp Scholars have described this depiction of gender as subversive, and as challenging the notion of a rigid boundary between genders.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

Ecological themes have also been identified in Hobb's work.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp The resurgence of dragons in the Elderlings series poses a challenge to anthropocentrism, or the supremacy of man's place in the world, with humans forced to re-adjust in relation to a stronger, more intelligent predator.Template:Sfnp The Wit, an ill-regarded ability associated with the animal world, is shown through Fitz's perspective as a natural extension of the senses and as an interconnectedness to all living things.Template:Sfnp Scholar Mariah Larsson view the series as ecocentric in nature, questioning the intrinsic value of human over other forms of life.Template:Sfnp

Other themes in Hobb's writing include critiques of colonialism and examination of culture-specific honor systems in the Soldier Son trilogy, a series set in a post-colonial secondary world that has drawn resemblance to the 19th century American frontier.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

Reception

Lindholm's work did not sell well, causing her to remain a midlist author for several years.Template:Sfnp<ref name=guardian-2017/> Her works as Hobb have been commercially successful: the first three sub-series of the Realm of the Elderlings had sold more than a million copies by 2003,<ref name=black-gate-2017/> and at the time of the series' conclusion in 2017, more than 1.25 million copies had been sold in the UK alone.<ref name=guardian-2017/> Template:As of, Hobb's fiction has been translated into 22 languages and sold more than 4 million copies in France.<ref name=le-monde-2018/> Following her success as Hobb, her Lindholm works such as Wizard of the Pigeons and Alien Earth were translated to French,<ref name=le-monde-2006/> and Cloven Hooves, which had been out of print for more than two decades, was reprinted in the US.<ref name=black-gate-2020/>

Hobb has received recognition for her characterization. In a column for The Times, critic Amanda Craig called Hobb "one of the great modern fantasy writers". She described Hobb's characters as believable people who "age, change, waver and suffer lasting scars", and highlighted the portrayal of Fitz, the protagonist of the Farseer trilogy.<ref name=times-2005/> The New Statesman remarked on the "striking portraits of three generations of women" in the sequel Liveship Traders trilogy, and stated that though Hobb's works had a medieval setting, her themes resonated in the modern world.<ref name=new-statesman/> In a review of the first book of the Fitz and the Fool trilogy, The Telegraph said of her characters that "their longings and failings are our own, and we find our view of the world indelibly changed by their experiences". Comparing her writing with that of literary novelists, The Telegraph described Hobb's novels as transcending the fantasy genre.<ref name=telegraph-2014/> The Los Angeles Review of Books found Hobb's characters in the final trilogy interesting even in middle age, writing that traumas experienced in childhood "linger and take on new shapes" as her characters aged. The LARB described the psychological complexity of Hobb's characters, along with the layered interactions between them, as central to the appeal of her writing.<ref name=LA-review/> In a similar view, Library Journal described the Elderlings series as "masterworks of character-based epic fantasy".<ref name=library-journal-2010/>

Some of Hobb's works have received less positive a reception: The Guardian criticized the Soldier Son books as lacking the "heart and page-turning spark" of her Fitz novels, and viewed the Rain Wild novels as "flimsy in comparison".<ref name=guardian-2014/> Scholar Lenise Prater positively viewed how Hobb's Elderlings novels blurred gender boundaries; she however critiqued Hobb's emphasis on "monogamous, romantic love", viewing it as heteronormative and as a conservative representation of queer relationships.Template:Sfnp A different view was offered by scholar Peter Melville, who described the final Elderlings trilogy as "confirm[ing] the series' place within the larger history of queerness in the fantasy genre".Template:Sfnp

As Megan Lindholm, she has received praise for the depiction of understated magic, poverty and mental illness in the novel Wizard of the PigeonsTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp and other themes such as aging in her short fiction.<ref name=LA-review-b/> Other aspects of Hobb's writing that have drawn commentary include her prose, described by The Times as having "a sinewy simplicity close to that of myths and fairytales",<ref name=times-2005/> her portrayal of gender, in particular the gender-fluid character known as the Fool,Template:Sfnp and her depiction of psychological aspects of trauma, including that arising from violence and rape.Template:Sfnp<ref name=new-statesman/> Fellow authors of speculative fiction have praised Hobb's work. Orson Scott Card stated that she "arguably set the standard for the modern serious fantasy novel", and cited the Liveship Traders as his favorite work of Hobb's.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> George R.R. Martin has praised her work, writing that her books are like "diamonds in a sea of zircons".<ref name=new-statesman/> In 2014, Hobb was a Guest of Honor at the 72nd World Science Fiction Convention in London.<ref name=SFE-loncon-2014/>

Awards

In 1981, Megan Lindholm was awarded an Alaska State Council of the Arts prize for her short story "The Poaching".<ref name="boundaries">Template:Cite book</ref> As Megan Lindholm, her short fiction works have been finalists for both the Nebula and the Hugo awards, and winner of the Asimov's Readers Award.<ref name=SFADB-Lindholm/> In 2021, Lindholm won the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement, presented to individuals who have demonstrated outstanding service to the fantasy field.<ref name=locus-wfc/>

Template:Sronly

Award	Category	Year	Work	Result	Template:Refh
British Fantasy Award	Novel	1997	Assassin's Apprentice	Template:Nom	<ref name=SFADB-Hobb/>
David Gemmell Award	Novel	2018	Assassin's Fate	Template:Won	<ref name=SFADB-Hobb/>
Endeavour Award	Novel	1999	Ship of Magic	Template:Nom	<ref name=SFADB-Hobb/>
		2000	The Mad Ship	Template:Nom	<ref name=SFADB-Hobb/>
		2007	Forest Mage	Template:Won	<ref name=SFADB-Hobb/>
Geffen Award	Fantasy Novel	2016	Fool's Assassin	Template:Won	<ref name=SFADB-Hobb/>
		2018	Fool's Quest	Template:Won	<ref name=SFADB-Hobb/>
Hugo Award	Novella	1990	"A Touch of Lavender"	Template:Nom	<ref name=SFADB-Lindholm/>
Inkpot Award		2017	Robin Hobb	Template:Won	<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation	CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Locus Award	Fantasy Novel	1997	Royal Assassin	Template:Nom	<ref name=SFADB-Hobb/>
		1998	Assassin's Quest	Template:Nom	<ref name=SFADB-Hobb/>
Nebula Award	Novella	1990	"A Touch of Lavender"	Template:Nom	<ref name=SFADB-Lindholm/>
	Novelette	1990	"Silver Lady and the Fortyish Man"	Template:Nom	<ref name=SFADB-Lindholm/>
	Short Story	2003	"Cut"	Template:Nom	<ref name=SFADB-Lindholm/>
Prix ImaginalesTemplate:Efn	Novel	2004	Wizard of the Pigeons	Template:Won	<ref name=imaginales/>
	Foreign Novel	2007	Shaman's Crossing	Template:Won	<ref name=imaginales/>
	Short Story	2006	"Homecoming"	Template:Won	<ref name=imaginales/>
World Fantasy Award	Life Achievement	2021	Megan Lindholm	Template:Won	<ref name=locus-wfc/>

Personal life

She currently publishes under both her pen names, and lives on a small farm outside of Roy, Washington.<ref name=new-statesman/><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Robin still frequently drives to the University Book Store in Seattle to autograph books for fans.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> She contracted COVID-19 in February 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Bibliography

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Sources

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External links

• Template:Official website as Megan Lindholm
• Template:Official website as Robin Hobb
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• Template:IBList
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• Robin Hobb at Fantasy Literature

Interviews

• Interview conducted by Annaïg Houesnard for Elbakin.net during "Les Imaginales" 2008.
• Interview conducted by Rob Bedford for sffworld.com
• Interview conducted by Patrick for sffworld.com
• Interview on wotmania.com
• Template:Cite interview