Rose
Template:Short description {{#invoke:other uses|otheruses}} Template:In-line citations Template:Pp-move Template:Pp-semi-indef Template:Automatic taxobox A rose is either a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa (Template:IPAc-en),<ref name="W3">Template:Cite book</ref> in the family Rosaceae (Template:IPAc-en),<ref name="W3" /> or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred species and tens of thousands of cultivars.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles.<ref name="Britannica">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Their flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through pinks, reds, oranges and yellows. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and Northwest Africa.<ref name="Britannica" /> Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses to climbers that can reach seven meters in height.<ref name="Britannica" /> Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses.
EtymologyEdit
The name rose comes from Latin rosa, which was perhaps borrowed from Oscan, from Greek ῥόδον rhódon (Aeolic βρόδον wródon), itself borrowed from Old Persian wrd- (wurdi), related to Avestan varəδa, Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr.<ref>The Free Dictionary, "rose".</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
BotanyEdit
The leaves are borne alternately on the stem. In most species, they are Template:Convert long, pinnate, with (3–) 5–9 (−13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. Most roses are deciduous but a few (particularly from Southeast Asia) are evergreen or nearly so.
ThornsEdit
The sharp growths along a rose stem, though commonly called "thorns", are technically prickles, outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem), unlike true thorns, which are modified stems. Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as Rosa rugosa and R. pimpinellifolia have densely packed straight prickles, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown sand and so reduce erosion and protect their roots (both of these species grow naturally on coastal sand dunes). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by deer. A few species of roses have only vestigial prickles that have no points.Template:Citation needed
Plant geneticist Zachary Lippman of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory found that prickles are controlled by the LOG gene.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Blocking the LOG gene in roses reduced the thorns (large prickles) into tiny buds.
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FlowerEdit
The flowers of most species have five petals, with the exception of Rosa omeiensis and Rosa sericea, which usually have only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some Rosa omeiensis and Rosa sericea, four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. The coloured petals are fused on the axis and arranged in five bundles forming a circle, the petal bundles expand further from each other;<ref name="AJB">Template:Cite journal</ref>Template:Rp the petals form a cup or disc surrounding the gynoecium.<ref name="AJB"/>Template:Rp There are multiple superior ovaries that develop into achenes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
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ReproductionEdit
Template:No sources section Roses are insect-pollinated in nature. A fertilized ovary forms a berry-like aggregate fruit called a "hip". The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. Rosa pimpinellifolia) have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the hypanthium, which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called achenes) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the dog rose (Rosa canina) and rugosa rose (R. rugosa), are very rich in vitamin C, among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating birds such as thrushes and waxwings, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings.
Many of the domestic cultivars do not produce hips, as the flowers are too tightly petalled to provide access for pollination and the plants can only propagate through human-made cuttings.Template:Verify inline
EvolutionEdit
The oldest remains of roses are from the Late Eocene Florissant Formation of Colorado.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Roses were present in Europe by the early Oligocene.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Today's garden roses come from 18th-century China.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Among the old Chinese garden roses, the Old Blush group is the most primitive, while newer groups are the most diverse.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
GenomeEdit
A study of the patterns of natural selection in the genome of roses indicated that genes related to DNA damage repair and stress adaptation have been positively selected, likely during their domestication.<ref name = Li2018>Template:Cite journal</ref> This rapid evolution may reflect an adaptation to genome confliction resulting from frequent intra- and inter-species hybridization and switching environmental conditions of growth.<ref name = Li2018/>
SpeciesEdit
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The genus Rosa is composed of 140–180 species and divided into four subgenera:<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
- Hulthemia (formerly Simplicifoliae, meaning "with single leaves") containing two species from Southwest Asia, Rosa persica and Rosa berberifolia, which are the only roses without compound leaves or stipules.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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- Hesperrhodos (from the Greek for "western rose") contains Rosa minutifolia and Rosa stellata, from North America.
- Platyrhodon (from the Greek for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia, Rosa roxburghii (also known as the chestnut rose).
- Rosa (the type subgenus, sometimes incorrectly called Eurosa) containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections.
- Banksianae – white and yellow flowered roses from China.
- Bracteatae – three species, two from China and one from India.
- Caninae – pink and white flowered species from Asia, Europe and North Africa.
- Carolinae – white, pink, and bright pink flowered species all from North America.
- Chinensis – white, pink, yellow, red and mixed-colour roses from China and Burma.
- Gallicanae – pink to crimson and striped flowered roses from western Asia and Europe.
- Gymnocarpae – one species in western North America (Rosa gymnocarpa), others in east Asia.
- Laevigatae – a single white flowered species from China.
- Pimpinellifoliae – white, pink, bright yellow, mauve and striped roses from Asia and Europe.
- Rosa (syn. sect. Cinnamomeae) – white, pink, lilac, mulberry and red roses from everywhere but North Africa.
- Synstylae – white, pink, and crimson flowered roses from all areas.
EcologyEdit
Some birds, particularly finches, eat the seeds.
Pests and diseasesEdit
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Wild roses are host plants for a number of pests and diseases. Many of these affect other plants, including other genera of the Rosaceae.
Cultivated roses are often subject to severe damage from insect, arachnid and fungal pests and diseases. In many cases they cannot be usefully grown without regular treatment to control these problems.
UsesEdit
Roses are best known as ornamental plants grown for their flowers in the garden and sometimes indoors. They have also been used for commercial perfumery and commercial cut flower crops. Some are used as landscape plants, for hedging and for other utilitarian purposes such as game cover and slope stabilization.
Ornamental plantsEdit
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The majority of ornamental roses are hybrids that were bred for their flowers. A few, mostly species roses are grown for attractive or scented foliage (such as Rosa glauca and R. rubiginosa), ornamental thorns (such as R. sericea) or for their showy fruit (such as R. moyesii).
Ornamental roses have been cultivated for millennia, with the earliest known cultivation known to date from at least 500 BC in Mediterranean countries, Persia, and China.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It is estimated that 30 to 35 thousand rose hybrids and cultivars have been bred and selected for garden use as flowering plants.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Most are double-flowered with many or all of the stamens having morphed into additional petals.
In the early 19th century the Empress Josephine of France patronized the development of rose breeding at her gardens at Malmaison. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by Loddiges nursery for Abney Park Cemetery, an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.
Cut flowersEdit
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Roses are a popular crop for both domestic and commercial cut flowers. Generally they are harvested and cut when in bud, and held in refrigerated conditions until ready for display at their point of sale. The price of the roses depends partly on the characteristics of the rose itself, such as how long the stem is and how big the bloom is, and partly on factors about how it was grown, such as which country it was grown in.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In temperate climates, cut roses are often grown in greenhouses, and in warmer countries they may also be grown under cover in order to ensure that the flowers are not damaged by weather and that pest and disease control can be carried out effectively. Significant quantities are grown in some tropical countries, and these are shipped by air to markets across the world.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Some kind of roses are artificially coloured using dyed water, like rainbow roses.
PerfumeEdit
Rose perfumes are made from rose oil (also called attar of roses), which is a mixture of volatile essential oils obtained by steam distilling the crushed petals of roses. An associated product is rose water which is used for cooking, cosmetics, medicine and religious practices. The production technique originated in Persia<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and then spread through Arabia and India, and more recently into eastern Europe. In Bulgaria, Iran and Germany, damask roses (Rosa × damascena 'Trigintipetala') are used. In other parts of the world Rosa × centifolia is commonly used. The oil is transparent pale yellow or yellow-grey in colour. 'Rose Absolute' is solvent-extracted with hexane and produces a darker oil, dark yellow to orange in colour. The weight of oil extracted is about one three-thousandth to one six-thousandth of the weight of the flowers; for example, about two thousand flowers are required to produce one gram of oil.
The main constituents of attar of roses are the fragrant alcohols geraniol and L-citronellol and rose camphor, an odorless solid composed of alkanes, which separates from rose oil.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> β-Damascenone is also a significant contributor to the scent.
Food and drinkEdit
Rose hips, usually from R. canina, are high in vitamin C, and are edible raw after the removal of the irritant hairs.<ref name="Angier-1974">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Hips can be made into jam, jelly, marmalade, and soup, or brewed for tea. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce rose hip seed oil, which is used in skin products and some makeup products.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>Diarrhodon (Gr διάρροδον, "compound of roses", from ῥόδων, "of roses"<ref>Template:OED</ref>) is the historic name for various compounds in which red roses are an ingredient.
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Rose water has a very distinctive flavour and is used in Middle Eastern, Persian, and South Asian cuisine—especially in sweets such as Turkish delight,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> barfi, baklava, halva, gulab jamun, knafeh, and nougat. Rose petals or flower buds are sometimes used to flavour ordinary tea, or combined with other herbs to make herbal teas. A sweet preserve of rose petals called gulkand is common in the Indian subcontinent. The leaves and washed roots are also sometimes used to make tea.<ref name="Angier-1974" />
In France, there is much use of rose syrup, most commonly made from an extract of rose petals. In the Indian subcontinent, Rooh Afza, a concentrated squash made with roses, is popular, as are rose-flavoured frozen desserts such as ice cream and kulfi.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The flower stems and young shoots are edible, as are the petals (sans the white or green bases).<ref name="Angier-1974" /> The latter are usually used as flavouring or to add their scent to food.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> Other minor uses include candied rose petals.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
Rose creams (rose-flavoured fondant covered in chocolate, often topped with a crystallised rose petal) are a traditional English confectionery widely available from numerous producers in the UK.
Under the American Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act,<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> there are only certain Rosa species, varieties, and parts are listed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
- Rose absolute: Rosa alba L., Rosa centifolia L., Rosa damascena Mill., Rosa gallica L., and vars. of these spp.
- Rose (otto of roses, attar of roses): Ditto
- Rose buds
- Rose flowers
- Rose fruit (hips)
- Rose leaves: Rosa spp.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Art and symbolismEdit
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The long cultural history of the rose has led to it being used often as a symbol. In ancient Greece, the rose was closely associated with the goddess Aphrodite.<ref name="Cyrino2010">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Clark2015">Template:Cite book</ref> In the Iliad, Aphrodite protects the body of Hector using the "immortal oil of the rose"<ref>Iliad 23.185–187</ref><ref name="Cyrino2010" /> and the archaic Greek lyric poet Ibycus praises a beautiful youth saying that Aphrodite nursed him "among rose blossoms".<ref>Ibycus, fragment 288.4</ref><ref name="Cyrino2010" /> The second-century AD Greek travel writer Pausanias associates the rose with the story of Adonis and states that the rose is red because Aphrodite wounded herself on one of its thorns and stained the flower red with her blood.<ref>Pausanias, Description of Greece 6.24.7 Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name="Cyrino2010" /> Book Eleven of the ancient Roman novel The Golden Ass by Apuleius contains a scene in which the goddess Isis, who is identified with Venus, instructs the main character, Lucius, who has been transformed into a donkey, to eat rose petals from a crown of roses worn by a priest as part of a religious procession in order to regain his humanity.<ref name="Clark2015" /> French writer René Rapin invented a myth in which a beautiful Corinthian queen named Rhodanthe ("she with rose flowers") was besieged inside a temple of Artemis by three ardent suitors who wished to worship her as a goddess; the god Apollo then transformed her into a rosebush.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire, the rose became identified with the Virgin Mary. The colour of the rose and the number of roses received has symbolic representation.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Clark2015"/> The rose symbol eventually led to the creation of the rosary and other devotional prayers in Christianity.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="Clark2015"/> The Rose Cross incorporates the flower directly into the Christian cross, and is the namesake of the esoteric religious order of Rosicrucianism.
Ever since the 1400s, the Franciscans have had a Crown Rosary of the Seven Joys of the Blessed Virgin Mary.<ref name="Clark2015"/> In the 1400s and 1500s, the Carthusians promoted the idea of sacred mysteries associated with the rose symbol and rose gardens.<ref name="Clark2015"/> Albrecht Dürer's painting The Feast of the Rosary (1506) depicts the Virgin Mary distributing garlands of roses to her devotees.<ref name="Clark2015"/>
Roses symbolised the Houses of York and Lancaster in a conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. Subsequently roses of the corresponding colours have been used a emblems for the English counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire.
The Tudor rose combines the colours of the roses of York and Lancaster, and is an emblem of then Tudor dynasty and of England.
Roses are a favored subject in art and appear in portraits, illustrations, on stamps, as ornaments or as architectural elements. The Luxembourg-born Belgian artist and botanist Pierre-Joseph Redouté is known for his detailed watercolours of flowers, particularly roses.
Henri Fantin-Latour was also a prolific painter of still life, particularly flowers including roses. The rose 'Fantin-Latour' was named after the artist.
Other impressionists including Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne and Pierre-Auguste Renoir have paintings of roses among their works. In the 19th century, for example, artists associated the city of Trieste with a certain rare white rose, and this rose developed as the city's symbol. It was not until 2021 that the rose, which was believed to be extinct, was rediscovered there.<ref>Ugo Salvini "La rarissima Rosa di Trieste spezza l’oblio e rispunta a sorpresa sulle colline di Muggia" In: Il Piccolo 27.01.2021, La Rosa.</ref>
In 1986 President Ronald Reagan signed legislation to make the rose<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> the floral emblem of the United States.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>
The rose is often exchanged on St. Valentines Day and is used often as a symbol of such.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
- Codex Manesse Rudolf von Neuenburg.jpg
Codex Manesse illuminated with roses, illustrated between 1305 and 1340 in Zürich. It contains love songs in Middle High German
- Maria Amelia of Braganza.jpg
Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil with a rose in her hair (1849)
- The Roses of Heliogabalus.jpg
The Roses of Heliogabalus by Alma-Tadema (1888)
- Et-Viljandi coa.svg
White rose pictured in the coat of arms of Viljandi
- Tudor Rose.svg
The Tudor rose is a combination of the red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York
- Imperial Order of the Rose (Brazil) - Fram Museum.jpg
Insignia of the Brazilian Order of the Rose
See alsoEdit
- ADR rose
- List of Award of Garden Merit roses
- List of rose cultivars named after people
- Rose (colour)
- Rose garden
- Rose Hall of Fame
- Rose show
- Rose trial grounds
ReferencesEdit
External linksEdit
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