Roton
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In theoretical physics, a roton is an elementary excitation, or quasiparticle, seen in superfluid helium-4 and Bose–Einstein condensates with long-range dipolar interactions or spin-orbit coupling. The dispersion relation of elementary excitations in this superfluid shows a linear increase from the origin, but exhibits first a maximum and then a minimum in energy as the momentum increases. Excitations with momenta in the linear region are called phonons; those with momenta close to the minimum are called rotons. Excitations with momenta near the maximum are called maxons.
The term "roton-like" is also used for the predicted eigenmodes in 3D metamaterials using beyond-nearest-neighbor coupling.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The observation of such a "roton-like" dispersion relation was demonstrated under ambient conditions for both acoustic pressure waves in a channel-based metamaterial at audible frequencies and transverse elastic waves in a microscale metamaterial at ultrasound frequencies.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
ModelsEdit
Originally, the roton spectrum was phenomenologically introduced by Lev Landau in 1947.<ref>Landau, L. D. (1947). On the theory of superfluidity of helium II. Physics-Uspekhi, 11(1), 91.</ref> Currently there exist models which try to explain the roton spectrum with varying degrees of success and fundamentality.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The requirement for any model of this kind is that it must explain not only the shape of the spectrum itself but also other related observables, such as the speed of sound and structure factor of superfluid helium-4. Microwave and Bragg spectroscopy has been conducted on helium to study the roton spectrum.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Bose–Einstein condensationEdit
Bose–Einstein condensation of rotons has been also proposed and studied.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Its first detection has been reported in 2018.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Under specific conditions the roton minimum gives rise to a crystal solid-like structure called the supersolid, as shown in experiments from 2019.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>