Royal Thai General System of Transcription

Template:Distinguish Template:Short description Template:Contains special characters Template:Cleanup Template:Infobox romanization The Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS) is the official<ref name = "announcement">Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> system for rendering Thai words in the Latin alphabet. It was published by the Royal Institute of Thailand in early 1917, when Thailand was called Siam.<ref name=exposition_Thai>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation (UN document)</ref>

It is used in road signs<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> and government publications and is the closest method to a standard of transcription for Thai, but its use, even by the government, is inconsistent. The system is almost identical to the one that is defined by ISO 11940-2.

Features

Prominent features of the system are:

• It uses only unmodified letters from the Latin alphabet without diacritics.
• It spells all vowels and diphthongs with vowel letters: Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr.
  • Single letters Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr are monophthongs (simple vowels), with the same value as in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
  • Digraphs with trailing Template:Angbr are monophthongs; Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr sound like {{#invoke:IPA|main}} respectively.
  • Digraphs and trigraphs with trailing Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr are diphthongs and indicate IPA {{#invoke:IPA|main}} respectively.
• It uses consonants as in IPA except as follows:
  • Digraphs with Template:Angbr (Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr) are aspirated {{#invoke:IPA|main}} consonants to distinguish them from unaspirated Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr.
  • It uses Template:Angbr for {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, as in English.
  • It uses Template:Angbr for {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, somewhat like English.
  • It uses Template:Angbr for {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, as in English.

Final consonants are transcribed according to pronunciation, not Thai orthography.

Vowels are transcribed in the position in the word where they are pronounced, not as in Thai orthography. Implied vowels, which are not written in Thai orthography, are transcribed as pronounced.

A hyphen is used to avoid ambiguity in syllable separation before a succeeding syllable that starts with a vowel and before Template:Angbr if the preceding syllable ends with a vowel.

Transcribed words are written with spaces between them although there are no spaces in Thai. For example, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} Institute of Thai Studies is transcribed as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}. However, compounds and names of persons are written without spaces between words. For example, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (from {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} + {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, scout) is transcribed as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, not {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, the first and last names of a person, is transcribed as {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, not {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}.<ref name = "announcement"/>

Transcription table

For consonants, the transcriptions are given for both initial and final position in the syllable. For vowels, a dash ("–") indicates the relative position of the vowel's initial consonant.

Consonants		Vowels
Letter Initial position Final position lang}} k k lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} kh k lang}} ng ng lang}} ch t lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ch t lang}} s t lang}} ch - lang}} y n lang}} d t lang}} t t lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} th t lang}} n n lang}} d t lang}} t t lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} th t lang}} n n lang}} b p lang}} p p lang}} ph - lang}} f - lang}} ph p lang}} f p lang}} ph p lang}} m m lang}} y - lang}} r n lang}} rue, ri, roe - lang}} rue - lang}} l n lang}} lue - lang}} lue - lang}} w - lang}} s t lang}} s t lang}} s t lang}} h - lang}} l n lang}} h -		Letter Romanisation lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} (with final), {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} a lang}} (without final) an lang}} am lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} i lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, —{{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ue lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} u lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} e lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ae lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} o lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} oe lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ia lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} uea lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ua lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ai lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} ao lang}} ui lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} oi lang}} oei lang}} ueai lang}} uai lang}} io lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} eo lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} aeo lang}} iao

History

There have been four versions of the RTGS, those promulgated in 1932, 1939, 1968 and 1999. The general system was issued by the Ministry of Public Instruction in 1932, and subsequent issues have been issued by the Royal Institute of Thailand.

Table of changes

Letter	Initial position				Final position
	1932	1939	1968	1999	1932	1939	1968	1999
lang}}	č	čh	ch	ch	t
lang}}	rư	rư	ru	rue	-
lang}}	rơ	rœ	roe	roe	-
lang}}	rư	rư	ru	rue	-
lang}}	lư	lư	lu	lue	-
lang}}	lư	lư	lu	lue	-

Letter	Romanisation
	1932	1939	1968	1999
lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	ư	ư	u	ue
lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	e̩	æ	ae	ae
lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	o̦	ǫ	o	o
lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	ơ	œ	oe	oe
lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	ưa	ưa	ua	uea
lang}}	o̦i	ǫi	oi	oi
lang}}	ơi	œi	oei	oei
lang}}	ưai	ưai	uai	ueai
lang}}	iu	iu	iu	io
lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	e̩o	æo	aeo	aeo
lang}}	iau	ieo	ieo	iao

1932 version

The general system was set up by a committee of the Ministry of Public Instruction on the following principles:<ref name="RTGS_1939">Template:Citation</ref>

1. The general system should be expandable to the precise system.
2. The general system should be based on pronunciation, and one sound should be represented by one symbol or letter.
3. The general system should be in consonance with the principles of Thai grammar, orthography, and pronunciation.
4. In selecting symbols or letters, account should be taken of existing types for printing and typewriting and of existing systems of transcription.

The committee considered that for the general system, tone and quantity marks were unneeded. They would be provided for the precise system.<ref name="RTGS_1939"/> The marks are accents above the vowels,<ref name="RTGS_1939"/> one reason that the vowel symbols used to have no marks above them.<ref name="Griswold_1960"/>

1939 version

The 1939 issue allowed short vowels to be marked with a breve (˘) where expedient.<ref name="RTGS_1939"/> By contrast, the ALA-LC transliteration uses the 1939 version with the addition of a macron (¯) for long vowels and a spiritus asper (ʽ) to transliterate อ {{#invoke:IPA|main}} as a consonant.

The changes in vowel notation copied existing usage (æ, œ)<ref>Template:Citation</ref> and IPA notation (æ, ǫ).<ref name="RTGS_1939"/>

Relationship to precise system

The precise system was issued along with the general system in 1939. A transliteration in the precise system could be converted to the general system by doing the following:<ref name="RTGS_1939"/>

1. Removing parenthesised character
2. Replacing ʽ and hʽ by h
3. Removing length and tone markings
4. Removing ḥ, which corresponds to ะ {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which may be viewed as a length mark
5. Removing the character distinguishing dots below and primes
6. Changing ay and aiy to ai except before vowels
7. Changing č to čh
8. Changing ie to ia, uo to ua and ưœ to ưa

The last set of changes removes a graphic distinction between vowels in closed syllables and vowels in open syllables.<ref name="RTGS_1939"/>

The h is added to č in the general system to make it easier to read. When the diacritic was subsequently removed, the h was justified as avoiding the misreading of the transliteration as {{#invoke:IPA|main}} or {{#invoke:IPA|main}} rather than the correct {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name="exposition_Thai"/>

1968 version

The 1968 version removed diacritics, including the horn of ư and replaced the ligatures æ and œ by ae and oe. While that is more suitable as the standard transliteration for maps, it removed the contrast between the transcriptions of {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and {{#invoke:Lang|lang}} {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name="exposition_Thai"/>

1999 version

The 1999 version restored the distinction between the transcriptions of the pairs อึ {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and อุ {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and เอือ {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and อัว {{#invoke:IPA|main}}.<ref name="exposition_Thai"/> It also simplified the transliteration of final ว {{#invoke:IPA|main}}, which now is always transcribed <o>.<ref name="exposition_Thai"/>

Allowed variants

The following variants have been allowed:

Preferred form	čh	æ	œ	ǫ	ơ	ư
Alternative	ĉh<ref name="RTGS_1939"/>	ae<ref name="Griswold_1960">Template:Citation</ref>	oe<ref name="Griswold_1960"/>	o̦<ref name="RTGS_1939"/>	oʼ<ref name="RTGS_1939"/>	uʼ<ref name="RTGS_1939"/>

Criticism

The system does not transcribe all features of Thai phonology. Particularly it has the following shortcomings:

• It does not record tones.
• It does not differentiate between short and long vowels.
• The notation Template:Angbr does not differentiate between IPA {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and IPA {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (see table below). Using Template:Angbr for {{#invoke:IPA|main}} would have been more consistent<ref>Template:Citation (English version)</ref> with the other stops and is used as such in ISO 11940-2.
• The notation Template:Angbr does not differentiate between IPA {{#invoke:IPA|main}} and IPA {{#invoke:IPA|main}} (see table below).

	Phoneme 1				Phoneme 2
RTGS	Thai	IPA	Description	English	Thai	IPA	Description	English
ch	lang}}	Template:IPA link	alveo-palatal affricate	roughly like Template:Angbr in "let you" Template:Citation needed	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	Template:IPA link	aspirated alveo- palatal affricate	roughly like Template:Angbr in "check"
o	lang}}, {{#invoke:Lang|lang}}	main}}	close-mid back short rounded	like the vowel in "note" (American pronunciation)	lang}}	main}}	open-mid back short rounded	like Template:Angbr in "boy"
	lang}}	Template:IPA link	close-mid back long rounded	like Template:Angbr in "go" (Scottish English)	lang}}	Template:IPA link	open-mid back long rounded	like Template:Angbr in "raw"

The original design envisioned the general system to give broad details of pronunciation, and the precise system to supplement that with vowel lengths, tones, and specific Thai characters used.<ref name="RTGS_1939"/> The ambiguity of Template:Angbr and Template:Angbr was introduced in the 1968 version.

See also

• ISO 11940
• ISO 11940-2
• Thai transliteration

Sources

• Template:Citation

External links

• Discussion of romanisation (Microsoft Word document)
• Downloadable Windows-based transcription tool
• ALA-LC: PDF guide to romanization of Thai (U.S. library of Congress)